Share di twitter Cell C s membatalkan penerbitan obligasi BAGAIMANA CARA MENGGUNAKAN Cell MAGazine ini membatalkan penerbitan obligasi yang direncanakan sebesar 600 juta obligasi luar negeri yang jatuh tempo pada tahun 2021. Ini terjadi setelah Blue Label Telecoms mengumumkan keinginannya untuk membeli 45 saham di perusahaan mobile untuk R5,5 miliar. Obligasi internasional adalah salah satu syarat yang harus dipenuhi sebelum kesepakatan ekuitas dapat berjalan terus, namun dianggap tidak perlu begitu Cell C memutuskan bahwa mereka dapat memenuhi pinjaman maksimum yang diizinkan sebesar R8 miliar tanpa itu. Ikatan tersebut telah direncanakan dengan maksud mengurangi hutang bersih Cell Cs dari R20.7 miliar menjadi R8 miliar. Meskipun dilaporkan sebagai alat untuk rekapitalisasi neraca, kenyataannya obligasi baru tersebut tidak akan memiliki efek mengurangi leverage secara keseluruhan, namun memperluas cakupan komitmen hutang Cell Cs secara keseluruhan. Divergent rating opinion Mungkin sebelum waktunya, Standard Poors (SP) menaikkan peringkat kredit global Cell Cs dari B-to B di bulan Oktober. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi penurunan hutang yang signifikan dan membaiknya situasi likuiditas, setelah debt refinancing dan maturity maturity maturity profile. Saham facebook yang naik di pasar kredit Sebagai bagian dari perubahan kepemilikan yang diusulkan, pemegang saham baru dan yang ada akan menyumbang R16 miliar pada ekuitas segar dan hutang kotor akan turun dari R23 miliar di bulan Juni 2016 menjadi R10 miliar. Peringkat kredit sub-investasi sel Cs dibatasi oleh posisi pasar yang relatif lemah di Afrika Selatan, yang merupakan sepertiga ketiga raksasa Vodacom dan MTN. Negatif ini sebagian diimbangi oleh merek Cell Cs yang telah mapan, meningkatkan kualitas jaringan dan basis pelanggan yang berkembang. Operator seluler berencana untuk melakukan investasi yang cukup besar ke dalam jaringannya untuk meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya dari 16 pelanggan mobile sekarang, menjadi 20 di tahun-tahun mendatang. Strategi Cell Cs telah berkembang menjadi proposisi nilai yang difokuskan pada kualitas jaringan dan layanan pelanggan, dari strategi penetapan harga agresif untuk menumbuhkan pangsa pasar. Berbeda dengan SP, Moodys memilih untuk mengambil pendekatan yang lebih konservatif, mengubah arah tinjauannya terhadap peringkat Cell Cs B3 menjadi tidak pasti, sambil menunggu finalisasi restrukturisasi modal. Peringkat tersebut mencerminkan 100 perusahaan yang terpapar dengan lingkungan pertumbuhan rendah di Afrika Selatan sebagai tantangan persaingan pasar dengan tingkat churn yang tinggi secara historis dan kontribusi yang rendah dari pelanggan kontrak dengan gaji lebih tinggi dan Cell Cs terutama menawarkan mobile versus strategi produk konvergen dari pesaingnya. Moodys juga mengutip risiko eksekusi yang terkait dengan strategi baru, yang kegagalannya akan mengurangi upaya untuk mengurangi leverage. Gambaran finansial Cell C telah mengalami beberapa tahun sulit secara finansial, meskipun air pasang nampaknya akan semakin baru. Pendapatan pada tahun anggaran 2014 adalah R11,6 miliar, dengan rugi bersih R4,9 miliar. Pendapatan meningkat menjadi R13,2 miliar di tahun 2015, namun kerugian bersihnya melebar menjadi R5,6 miliar. Hasil setengah tahun sampai Juni 2016 menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan R6.96 miliar, naik dari R6 miliar pada periode yang sama tahun 2015. Dan yang lebih menjanjikan lagi, laba sebelum pajak pada Juni 2016 adalah R2.8 miliar positif dibandingkan dengan kerugian R1,2 miliar pada bulan Juni 2015. Dari sisi leverage, rasio utang terhadap EBITDA yang disesuaikan diperkirakan akan meningkat dari 7,3 kali di tahun 2015 menjadi 4,5 kali pada tahun 2016 (hutang disesuaikan termasuk sewa pembiayaan). Namun, arus kas bebas negatif diharapkan sampai 2018, karena investasi modal besar diperlukan untuk mempertahankan pertumbuhan. Hasil transnet setengah tahun Transnet merilis hasil sementara untuk enam bulan yang berakhir pada 30 September 2016. Pendapatan setengah tahun meningkat sebesar 1,2 hingga R32,6 miliar, dengan pertumbuhan melambat dari 6,4 yang tercatat untuk periode yang sama tahun lalu. Hal ini disebabkan lemahnya ekonomi, dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang rendah dan harga komoditas yang tertekan meredam permintaan konsumen. Beban usaha, komponen besar yang merupakan biaya staf tetap dan energi, meningkat 2,3 menjadi R187 miliar. Penyusutan dan biaya keuangan meningkat tajam, masing-masing sebesar 16,3 dan 23,9, yang mengakibatkan laba bersih turun 43,2 menjadi R1 miliar. Transnet rencana ekspansi modal yang besar telah didorong keluar lebih jauh. Capex dalam waktu dekat diharapkan bisa reaktif, berdasarkan permintaan pelanggan terbukti. Oleh karena itu Capex dikurangi 41 menjadi R9,4 miliar. Belanja modal yang lebih rendah juga mengakibatkan berkurangnya kebutuhan dana, dengan total utang turun 5,1 menjadi R127,7 miliar. Utang baru R11,8 miliar dinaikkan dan ini, kurang dari R400 juta berasal dari obligasi lokal yang terdaftar, karena pelelangan bulanan dibatasi. Hal ini mengejutkan, karena spread obligasi Transnets telah meningkat selama tahun lalu di tengah sentimen negatif tentang BUMN dan kondisi pasar secara umum. Londa Nxumalo CA (SA) adalah analis kredit CIG adalah satu dari sedikit perusahaan yang melakukan dengan baik di ruang barang industri. Baru-baru ini merilis hasil tahunan yang kuat: pendapatan naik menjadi R4.5 billon (FY15: R3.6 miliar) dan pendapatan utama naik 16 menjadi 255.3cshare (FY15: 220.7cshare). Meskipun demikian, sahamnya telah kehilangan 32 selama 12 bulan terakhir. Sulit untuk menentukan apa yang bisa mendorong perilaku bearish ini, namun kami menduga hal berikut mungkin penyebabnya mungkin. Konversi uang yang buruk Meskipun kisah pertumbuhan CIG sangat mengesankan, konversi uangnya yang buruk menjadi perhatian. Sementara pendapatannya tumbuh rata-rata 36 tahun sejak 2011, sebagian besar tidak dikonversi menjadi uang tunai karena debitur telah menumpuk, tumbuh pada suhu 93 tahun. Ini sebagian karena proyeknya telah menjadi lebih besar dan memakan waktu lebih lama untuk menyelesaikannya. Dengan tidak adanya bantuan besar yang berasal dari pihak kreditur, kekurangan likuiditas sedang tercipta, memaksa kelompok tersebut untuk meminjam dana operasi. Padahal manajemen mengatakan perusahaan memiliki fasilitas modal kerja yang memadai dari bank untuk mendanai kebutuhan likuiditas jangka pendek, tentunya mengkhawatirkan, terutama bagi investor yang mungkin mengharapkan dividen. Model bisnis berbasis proyek. Tidak seperti rekan-rekannya (Invicta, Hudaco dan Barloworld) yang menjual sebagian besar produk mereka ke aftermarket (pemeliharaan) di mana pendapatan cenderung berulang karena siklus penggantian yang lebih pendek, model bisnis Concos sebagian besar didasarkan pada buku pesanan. Oleh karena itu, perlu terus memenangkan kontrak baru untuk menggantikan kontrak yang akan jatuh tempo. Model tersebut cenderung memiliki efek positif terhadap harga saham CIG ketika investor merasa positif dengan prospek sektor listrik. Dengan perlambatan yang diharapkan di sektor listrik SA, kami menduga beberapa investor mungkin mulai mengurangi kepemilikan mereka di perusahaan, mengantisipasi penurunan dalam buku pesanan. Namun, CIG bergerak ke ruang aftermarket, setelah membentuk sebuah divisi untuk menargetkan pekerjaan tersebut. Ketidakpastian mengenai program energi terbarukan SA. CIG dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sangat diuntungkan oleh program produsen tenaga listrik mandiri yang dapat diperbaharui (REIPPP). Hampir sepertiga pendapatan Concos di FY14 dan FY15 berasal dari proyek energi terbarukan. Eskom, bagaimanapun, telah meragukan kelanjutan program energi terbarukan. Ini telah mencapai buku pesanan energi terbarukan Concos, yang turun menjadi hanya R400 juta dibandingkan dengan R1.1 miliar tahun lalu. Potensi dilusi dari rights issue. Investor mungkin menetapkan harga dalam potensi penurunan pendapatan dari kelompok yang mengajukan rights issue. Rights issue ditujukan untuk meningkatkan R750 juta yang dibutuhkan untuk mengakuisisi Conlog (dibahas di bawah). Ini akan melihat perusahaan mengeluarkan 39 juta saham. Mengingat bahwa masalah ini akan menghasilkan peningkatan jumlah saham yang dikeluarkan secara signifikan, tampaknya masuk akal untuk mengharapkan beberapa pengenceran. Namun, perhitungan manajemen menunjukkan bahwa akuisisi tersebut akan bernilai-accretive. Sifat bisnis: CIG adalah kelompok infrastruktur yang terdiversifikasi dengan jangkauan luas di seluruh Afrika. Operasi berkisar dari pemasangan dan pemeliharaan infrastruktur listrik bertegangan tinggi hingga layanan pengelolaan limbah dan pasokan bahan bangunan. Perusahaan ini beroperasi melalui anak perusahaannya: Conco, West End Claybrick, Drift Supers dan Angola Environment Servicos Limitada. Pengungkapan: Analis tidak memiliki paparan keuangan terhadap instrumen yang dibahas. Pendapat tersebut mewakili pandangan sejatinya. Untuk Intellidexs penuh disclaimer, metodologi dan definisi silahkan klik di sini. Berbagi di facebook BAGAIMANA MENGGUNAKAN PERJANJIAN MAGAZINE ini menawarkan janji untuk CIG Conlog dapat mengurangi masalah arus kas Orin tambo, cfa intellidex Lingkungan operasi yang rentan terhadap guncangan internal dan eksternal Tantangan pendanaan di Eskom dapat melihat penundaan atau penskoran proyek Keterlambatan kelanjutan energi terbarukan Program yang disebabkan oleh buku pesanan Eskoms Strong dengan keseimbangan geografis yang baik Peningkatan eksposur terhadap sektor pertumbuhan dan diversifikasi geografis memberikan perlindungan terhadap ekonomi SA yang tertekan Fokus pada pertumbuhan operasi dan pekerjaan pemeliharaan akan membawa pendapatan anuitas yang signifikan Meskipun masalah di atas, valuasi yang disesuaikan dengan risiko menunjukkan bahwa Saham layak mendapat rating beli. Layar CIG baik pada nilai dan pertumbuhan. Atribut nilainya menarik: harga forward: selisih beberapa dari 8.5 dan priceearnings to growth ratio sebesar 0.5, didukung oleh penyokong aset yang baik. Kami didorong oleh strategi akuisisi CIGs untuk menargetkan perusahaan yang sangat menghasilkan uang, memiliki potensi untuk memberikan pendapatan anuitas dan akan melakukan diversifikasi usaha. Pada tahun 2012 ini mengakuisisi 31 saham di perusahaan AES Angola, yang terlibat dalam pengumpulan, daur ulang dan pembuangan limbah berbasis minyak yang dibuat selama proses pengeboran. Baru-baru ini, ia mengakuisisi Conlog yang merancang, memproduksi, memasarkan dan mendistribusikan perangkat dan solusi metering elektronik prabayar dan cerdas. Akuisisi ini mengurangi beberapa masalah yang kami kemukakan di atas. AES dan Conlog memiliki model operasi yang berbeda dan terkena pembalap pertumbuhan yang berbeda dengan yang mempengaruhi Conco. Yang lebih penting lagi, Conlog memiliki rasio konversi uang tunai yang tinggi dan memperhatikan modal kerja dan belanja modal, yang menurut kami akan mengurangi masalah arus kas kerja. Berbagi di twitter Perbatasan investasi berikutnya: Tombol Klik Air untuk memutar video berbagi di twitter Cari tahu apa Fred Platt (CEO, Accentuate), Warren Hurter (Direktur, FCP Energy) dan Amy Jones (Direktur, Truter Jones Inc) harus mengatakan tentang Pentingnya memperbaiki infrastruktur di Afrika Selatan. Berbagi di facebook Diperkirakan bahwa R180 miliar akan diinvestasikan dalam proyek infrastruktur energi di Afrika Selatan selama tiga tahun ke depan, sementara R250 miliar lainnya akan tersedia untuk investasi di infrastruktur jalan dan transportasi. Ada peluang investasi yang jelas bagi mereka yang mampu memanfaatkan investasi ini. Kelompok layanan uang dan keuangan Nedbank, menyelenggarakan acara meja bundar C-suite bulan lalu, yang bertujuan untuk merangsang diskusi tingkat tinggi seputar peluang investasi di sektor ini dan bagaimana modal akan didistribusikan. Share on twitter Harga saham Afrimat (rebased) Penghasilan sebagian besar bersifat transaksional dan rentan terhadap sifat siklus pasar Menderita energi yang tidak asing dan masalah biaya input tenaga kerja Industri padat karya, rentan terhadap aksi industri Buku pesanan kuat dengan keseimbangan geografis yang baik Peningkatan eksposur terhadap Sektor pertumbuhan dan diversifikasi geografis memberikan bantalan terhadap ekonomi SA yang tertekan Fokus pada pertumbuhan operasi dan pekerjaan pemeliharaannya akan membawa pendapatan anuitas yang signifikan Diversifikasi ke pasar mineral industri yang sebagian besar belum tergali Produk dengan nilai kelangkaan dapat mempertahankan pendapatan di lingkungan tertekan Model usaha tangkas memungkinkannya melakukan operasi Cepat di lokasi proyek Arus kas yang sehat dan neraca yang kuat BAGAIMANA CARA MENGGUNAKAN MAGAZIN Afrimat ini adalah salah satu penghitung kecil yang paling konsisten di bursa. Ini telah menumbuhkan pendapatannya rata-rata 22 tahun selama lima tahun terakhir dan mengumumkan dividen setiap enam bulan sejak daftar sepuluh tahun yang lalu. Meskipun kami memperkirakan kelompok tersebut akan terus mencatat jumlah pertumbuhan yang baik dan memberikan dividen yang baik, valuasi kami menunjukkan bahwa setelah rally 28 sejak kami membeli pada bulan Mei, sahamnya sekarang diperdagangkan mendekati perkiraan kami atas nilai wajarnya. Hasil yang baru saja dirilis untuk enam bulan sampai akhir Agustus menunjukkan berita utama melonjak 25, diterjemahkan ke dalam headline earnings per inisiatif peningkatan efisiensi, yang melihat pertumbuhan laba usaha per saham sebesar 95,2c (1H16: 76c). Pertumbuhan tersebut didorong oleh strategi diversifikasi serta pengurangan biaya dan melampaui pertumbuhan pendapatan. Manajemen melaporkan bahwa semua pabrik pengolahan beroperasi penuh dan hubungan kerja terus memuaskan. Dividen 20cshare (1H16: 16cshare) diumumkan. Daya tarik yang beragam dari lingkungan Operasi Afrimat yang rentan terhadap guncangan internal dan eksternal Tantangan pendanaan di Eskom dapat melihat keterlambatan atau penskoran proyek Keterlambatan kelanjutan program energi terbarukan yang disebabkan oleh Eskoms Orin Tambo, CFA Intellidex Kami menilai Afrimat di R28.95share, yang jatuh Di daerah penahanan kita. Penilaian kami didasarkan pada prospek berikut: Pertumbuhan pendapatan yang kuat. Kami memperkirakan pertumbuhan top-line Afrimats didorong oleh volume penjualan yang lebih tinggi, rentang produk dan eskalasi harga yang lebih luas. Pengeluaran pemerintah yang kuat di daerah pedesaan untuk infrastruktur dan juga pada proyek infrastruktur kecil lainnya, seperti sistem distribusi air dan proyek sanitasi, akan tetap menjadi kunci dalam mendorong permintaan bahan bangunan kelompok. Itu akan dilengkapi dengan beberapa proyek greenfield yang dimulai di seluruh negeri dan di Mozambik, dan oleh kontribusi dari berbagai akuisisi. Ekspansi marjin operasi. Afrimat memperluas marjin operasinya dari sekitar 12 di tahun 2012 menjadi 18. Ini merupakan pendorong pertumbuhan pendapatan terbesar. Kunci perbaikan tersebut adalah perubahan dalam bauran produk yang telah menyingkirkan bisnis marjinal sambil memperoleh aset berharga, sehingga menghasilkan peningkatan efisiensi dan pengurangan biaya. Kami yakin lebih banyak manfaat dari inisiatif ini masih harus direalisasikan. Afrimat juga telah membeli bisnis selama beberapa bulan terakhir. Karena mengintegrasikan dan memanfaatkan kapasitas ekstra ini, kami memperkirakan laba operasi tumbuh di depan pertumbuhan pendapatan, yang akan melihat marjin operasi berkembang menjadi sekitar 18,7 dalam jangka menengah sampai jangka panjang. Akuisisi Kami berharap akuisisi terus memainkan peran utama dalam pertumbuhan Afrimats seperti yang telah mereka lakukan selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Akuisisi masa lalu membawa keragaman produk, menciptakan peluang pendapatan baru dan meningkatkan profitabilitas. Afrimat sekarang merupakan bisnis terdiversifikasi yang memasok sektor industri dengan dolomit metalurgi dan kuarsit (kepada pelanggan seperti ArcelorMittal), silika (pembuat kaca), keramik dan kapur. Ini juga baru memasuki pasar pertambangan bijih besi, yang kemungkinan akan mendatangkan mata uang asing. Dengan adanya neraca Afrimats yang kuat dan operasi yang sangat menghasilkan uang, kami berharap dapat menyimpulkan lebih banyak akuisisi. Efek bersih dari faktor-faktor di atas harus diterjemahkan ke dalam 14 sampai 16 pertumbuhan pendapatan tahunan selama empat tahun ke depan agak di bawah tingkat pertumbuhan beberapa tahun terakhir namun tetap sangat terhormat. Salah satu faktor kunci yang memberi Afrimat keunggulan dibandingkan pesaingnya adalah positioningnya relatif terhadap operasi proyek. Agregat berat sehingga lokasi yang dekat dengan titik penggunaan adalah kuncinya. Dengan lebih dari 35 tambang terbuka di SA, Afrimat dapat menghasilkan dan menghasilkan biaya transportasi yang lebih rendah daripada banyak pemain lainnya. Ini juga memperkenalkan peralatan bergerak yang memungkinkannya memanfaatkan peluang dan keberadaannya. Beberapa lini produk berarti banyak pelanggan Sifat bisnis: Afrimat adalah perusahaan pertambangan terbuka untuk mineral industri. Ini memasok berbagai bahan konstruksi mulai dari agregat dan produk beton sampai campuran siap pakai dan mineral industri. Ini juga menyediakan solusi pengeboran dan peledakan untuk industri konstruksi dan pertambangan junior. Pengungkapan: Analis tidak memiliki paparan keuangan terhadap instrumen yang dibahas. Pendapat tersebut mewakili pandangan sejatinya. Untuk Intellidexs penuh disclaimer, metodologi dan definisi silahkan klik di sini. Berbagi di facebook BAGAIMANA MENGGUNAKAN MAGAZIN INI Apa yang kita sukai tentang perusahaan Posisi yang baik dalam industri dengan fundamental yang kuat Infrastruktur yang canggih untuk memenuhi pertumbuhan jangka menengah di bisnis ritel dan grosir Terbukti metrik keuangan dan rekam jejak Sangat berpengalaman, pendiri yang dipimpin Tim manajemen Faktor risiko Bisnis bergantung pada citra dan reputasi mereknya. Kegagalan untuk mempertahankan pengakuan merek yang menguntungkan dapat berdampak buruk terhadap pendapatan Industri yang sangat kompetitif dapat mempersulit pencapaian target pertumbuhannya Industri perawatan kesehatan sangat diatur. Ketidakpatuhan atau perubahan peraturan mungkin memiliki efek buruk pada pangsa pendapatan di facebook Dis-Chem: Prospek pertumbuhan sehat Sifat usaha: Dis-Chem mengoperasikan apotek ritel namun terpisah dari barang-barang front-shop reguler seperti perawatan pribadi, nutrisi dan perawatan bayi. Produk, juga stok confectioneries, bahan makanan kering, barang keperluan rumah tangga dan produk tambahan lainnya. Perusahaan ini juga memiliki bisnis grosir yang melayani pengecer farmasi pihak ketiga dan apoteknya sendiri. Meskipun baru dalam pertukaran, Dis-Chem dipercaya secara luas sebagai pemain terbesar di segmen apotek ritel, terhitung sekitar seperlima dari pasar tersebut. Pesaing terdekatnya adalah Clicks. Pengungkapan: Analis tidak memiliki paparan keuangan terhadap instrumen yang dibahas. Pendapat tersebut mewakili pandangan sejatinya. Untuk Intellidexs penuh disclaimer, metodologi dan definisi silahkan klik di sini. Berbagi di twitter Daftar En-Chem yang banyak diantisipasi berlangsung pada hari Jumat 18 November. Kelompok ini membuka perdagangan di R23.36share namun harga kemudian turun ke R20.55, dan menetap di R21.48 ketika pasar tutup. Hampir 28 juta saham senilai lebih dari R600 yang diperdagangkan pada hari debutnya. Harga saat ini R21.48share menempatkan Dis-Chem dengan harga: rasio pendapatan (PE) sebesar 28,1, yang menurut kami mahal meski prospek pertumbuhan yang ditawarkan perusahaan. Pesaing terdekatnya, Clicks, yang menawarkan prospek pertumbuhan serupa, ada di PE 26. Kami pikir Dischem juga harus dihargai sekitar tingkat itu. Dis-Chem jelas menawarkan eksposur investor terhadap bisnis luar biasa yang telah menikmati pertumbuhan yang luar biasa selama ini. Perusahaan memiliki tiga kali lipat basis toko sejak tahun 2008. Pendapatan dan pendapatan sebelum pajak bunga, depresiasi dan amortisasi (Ebitda) tumbuh pada tingkat gabungan masing-masing 20,8 dan 21,6 selama tiga tahun terakhir. Kami berharap Dis-Chem mempertahankan pertumbuhan yang luar biasa ini. Manajemen telah menetapkan rencana pertumbuhan untuk melipatgandakan jejaknya selama lima sampai delapan tahun ke depan. Bukaan toko baru akan memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap pendapatan, laba operasi dan arus kas. Karena meningkatkan jumlah toko, kemungkinan akan meningkatkan pendapatan berbasis biaya dengan cara biaya pengeluaran dan logistik yang diterimanya dari produsen obat untuk mendistribusikan produk mereka ke apotek ritelnya. Itu, bersamaan dengan pengenceran biaya yang kemungkinan datang dari toko jatuh tempo yang dibuka selama tiga tahun terakhir, akan mendorong margin keuntungan. Tiga puluh toko, sepertiga toko yang ada, dibuka selama tiga tahun terakhir. Strategi pertumbuhan dan dampaknya terhadap pendapatan Di tengah strategi pertumbuhan Dis-Chems adalah tujuan ambisius untuk membuka 100 toko selama lima sampai delapan tahun ke depan. Berdasarkan target ini, kelompok tersebut harus membuka 13 sampai 20 toko setahun. Ini sudah sesuai karena manajemen telah mengamankan 29 sewa untuk toko baru selama 18 bulan ke depan. Ekspansi ini akan berlipat ganda: membuka apotek ritel baru dan mengubah apotek independen yang ada ke toko Dis-Chem. Dis-Chem juga memiliki bisnis grosir yang, meski masih menjadi kontributor kecil, siap untuk berkembang. Tujuannya adalah menangkap rantai pasokan apotek independen dan memperluas ke bisnis distribusi, di mana ia akan melayani pedagang grosir dan pengecer. Inisiatif ini akan memiliki dampak signifikan pada profitabilitas Dis-Chems. Karena meningkatkan jumlah tokonya, ia akan mampu memanfaatkan basis biaya kantor pusat yang ada dan meningkatkan margin keuntungan. DisChem telah beberapa tahun terakhir melakukan investasi signifikan di kantor pusatnya yang sekarang memiliki jumlah staf 651. Manajemen percaya bahwa biaya kantor pusat sekitar R316m per tahun cukup untuk memenuhi pertumbuhan jangka menengahnya. Ini berarti dapat melipatgandakan gerainya tanpa ada kenaikan biaya tetap yang signifikan, faktor yang kita harapkan akan memperluas margin. Manajemen mengatakan bahwa gerai baru biasanya memulihkan semua biaya yang terkait dengan pembukaannya dalam waktu 18 bulan perdagangan, dan mencapai tahap kedewasaan dalam waktu empat tahun. Pada saat jatuh tempo, setiap toko 1800m2 diharapkan memiliki pendapatan hingga R198 juta dan Ebitda sekitar R15 juta, sesuai perhitungan kami. Ini berarti bahwa 20 gerai baru yang dibuka akan, pada saat jatuh tempo, berpotensi menambah antara R2.2 miliar dan R4 miliar untuk pendapatan. Setelah mempertimbangkan berbagai tingkat jatuh tempo dari toko yang ada dan strategi ekspansi yang direncanakan, kami memperkirakan pertumbuhan rata-rata pendapatan 21 tahun selama lima tahun ke depan dapat dicapai. Bagaimana Dis-Chem mendanai pertumbuhan toko Dis-Chems yang direncanakan memiliki ukuran lantai mulai dari 1000m2 sampai 1800m2. Toko berukuran lebih besar akan menghabiskan biaya sekitar R22 juta, termasuk belanja modal dan modal kerja. Dengan asumsi kelompok tersebut ingin mencapai targetnya dalam waktu sesingkat-singkatnya (lima tahun), maka harus menghabiskan sekitar R240 juta - R400 juta untuk toko baru setiap tahun. Selain itu, ia harus membarui toko-tokonya yang lebih tua. Dis-Chem cenderung memperbaharui toko-toko yang ada setiap tujuh tahun dengan biaya 40 dari investasi awal. Kami melihat pengeluaran di wilayah R500 juta setahun di toko. Dis-Chem sangat menghasilkan uang tunai, dengan uang yang cukup dari operasi untuk mendanai sebagian besar rencana ekspansi dari sumber internal. Meskipun laporan arus kas kelompok menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas operasi telah menghasilkan uang berdarah selama dua setengah tahun sampai akhir Agustus, kami pikir ada banyak ruang untuk membalikkan tren. Tagihan dividen Dis-Chems sebesar R2.1 miliar selama periode tersebut memakan sekitar 90 dari uang yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas perdagangan. Ini, bersamaan dengan sistem pengelolaan modal kerja yang longgar, menyebabkan arus keluar bersih. Kesempatan pertama jelas akan memotong pembayaran dividen. Manajemen menunjukkan bahwa hal itu akan membatasi rasio pembayarannya menjadi 40. Berdasarkan perkiraan pendapatan R891 juta untuk TA18, sekitar R500 juta akan dinyatakan sebagai dividen, yang jauh lebih rendah dari R1.1 miliar yang dibayarkan di TA16 dan R890 juta Yang telah dibayar di 1H17. Itu akan membebaskan banyak uang untuk disalurkan ke ekspansi toko. Penilaian Model arus kas diskon kami menunjukkan saham Dis-Chem layak untuk R19.11share. Kami tidak melihat peluang membeli dengan harga saat ini. Tapi valuasi chunky berarti tidak ada tawar menawar Orin Tambo, model CFA Intellidex Dynamique hanya siklus bahan bakar gabungan NEDC yang diupdate Ts dan Cs. Klik di sini untuk memutar video gambar Rollover untuk memperbesar The New RENAULT Kwid memungkinkan Anda hidup untuk lebih banyak eksplorasi, lebih banyak kegembiraan dan lebih banyak pengalaman. Jadi mengapa tidak melakukannya dengan gaya Dengan tampilan crossover-nya, Anda pasti akan membalikkan kepala di sepanjang jalan. 7 navigasi layar sentuh lengkap dengan sistem multimedia memungkinkan Anda mendengarkan trek favorit Anda langsung dari telepon Anda. Plus, RENAULT Kwid memberi Anda ruang untuk menjadi persis seperti yang Anda inginkan, di tempat yang Anda inginkan, dengan ruang booting 300l dan kabin yang nyaman. Ruang untuk menjadi persis seperti yang Anda inginkan, di mana Anda inginkan, dengan ruang booting 300l dan kabin yang nyaman. Dengan desain yang terinspirasi SUV, New RENAULT Kwid juga menandai kotak penggerak yang mulus dan ekonomis dengan power steering listrik, driver side airbag dan konsumsi bahan bakar 4.7l100km. Tinggal lebih di New RENAULT Kwid, dari hanya R1 999 per bulan. Invicta Share Price (rebased) Invicta telah terkesan pada bottom line dengan pertumbuhan dua digit dalam periode interimnya sampai akhir September, memberikan pada salah satu janji di awal TA17 untuk meningkatkan pengendalian biaya. Namun, pertumbuhan top-line tetap menjadi tantangan karena masih dalam satu digit namun lebih baik dari tingkat pertumbuhan tahun lalu. Invictas memiliki eksposur yang tinggi terhadap ekonomi stagnan SA dimana menghasilkan lebih dari tiga perempat pendapatan, terutama sektor siklis pertambangan, pertanian dan konstruksi adalah sebuah tantangan. Hal ini mendorong bahwa manajemen telah menyampaikan beberapa tujuan yang ditetapkan pada awal TA17. Selanjutnya untuk mengurangi biaya penahanan, telah pulih modal kerja dalam operasinya, menghasilkan arus kas operasi positif untuk pertama kalinya dalam lebih dari dua tahun. Tapi pertumbuhan pendapatan jenis ini tidak berkelanjutan sepanjang pertumbuhan pendapatan dua digit tetap sulit dipahami. Rasio hutang terhadap ekuitas bersih tetap tinggi di atas 115, namun merupakan perbaikan dari tahun sebelumnya-berakhir 135 dan diturunkan oleh arus kas yang membaik yang memungkinkan Invicta mengurangi sebagian kecil dari hutang Asianya. Prospek Mengingat sifat modal dari barang yang dipasok oleh kelompok, prospek tetap tidak pasti. Namun, ada indikasi bahwa pasar komoditas dunia telah mencapai titik terendah sementara curah hujan baru-baru ini telah memperbaiki prospek sektor pertanian. Manajemen mengatakan akan terus berupaya meningkatkan efisiensi internal dan meningkatkan pendapatan tunai. Untuk itu, ia memulai strategi turnaround untuk perusahaan Asia, Kian Ann, untuk menyesuaikan bisnis dengan tingkat aktivitas yang lebih rendah dan mengurangi modal kerja. Hal ini kemungkinan akan melihat tambahan pemulihan arus kas operasi. Untuk meningkatkan penjualan, inisiatif sedang dilakukan untuk memperluas tapak distribusi ke wilayah baru. Di SA, pembangunan fasilitas perakitan yang diperluas telah dimulai di Camperdown, KwaZulu-Natal. Dan fasilitas distribusi dunia BMG di Johannesburg diharapkan dibuka pada awal TA18, yang akan membawa penghematan biaya dan efisiensi yang signifikan. Pada awal manajemen FY17 menetapkan beberapa tujuan dan telah berhasil mengurangi biaya dan mengurangi modal kerja. Namun, metrik pendapatan tetap di bawah par. Selanjutnya, ia memiliki tujuan jangka menengah untuk mencapai omset R25bn pada tahun 2020 dengan sekitar setengah dari jumlah yang dihasilkan di luar SA. Yang pertama menyiratkan bahwa Invicta harus meningkatkan pendapatan pada tingkat pertumbuhan tahunan gabungan 30 dalam jangka pendek dan menengah, dan ini sulit ditelan mengingat tingkat pertumbuhan saat ini hanya 8. Akuisisi mungkin memberi kekurangan Invicta diperdagangkan di bawah peringatan pernyataan. Dan sementara neraca yang sangat disesuaikan bisa menjadi penghalang, Invicta telah memperbaiki posisi kasnya secara signifikan. Juga mungkin harus pergi ke pemegang saham untuk menambah modal. Itu akan mengencerkan metrik per saham. Namun, didukung oleh pemegang saham jangkarnya, Christo Wiese, itu mungkin saja. Tinjauan kinerja Pendapatan utama didorong oleh berbagai langkah penahanan biaya dan penyesuaian keuntungan dari penjualan aset pada periode dasar. Jika efek dari keuntungan sekali-sekali pada penjualan properti pada periode sebelumnya dihapus (untuk menghitung pendapatan utama), laba operasi meningkat 22. Akuisisi memberikan kontribusi R19 juta atau 4 terhadap pertumbuhan laba operasi, dengan saldo laba Pertumbuhan berasal dari manajemen marjin kotor dan penahanan biaya. Segmen peralatan modal tumbuh sebesar 4 sampai R2.38 miliar dan laba operasi naik 21 menjadi R219 juta. Margin operasi meningkat menjadi 9,2 dari 7,9. Meski pendapatan di operasi lokal tetap datar, laba usaha tumbuh 36 karena pemotongan biaya. Modal kerja juga berkurang dan arus kas yang dihasilkan dari operasi membaik. Namun, kondisi ekonomi yang lemah di Asia mengakibatkan kinerja Kian Ann menurun. Divisi solusi teknik meningkatkan pendapatan sebesar 13 menjadi R2.35 miliar dan laba operasi meningkat 24 menjadi R241 juta, sementara akuisisi menambah R175 juta (8) terhadap pertumbuhan penjualan dan R21million (11) terhadap pertumbuhan laba usaha. Margin operasi meningkat menjadi 10,3 dari 9,3. Demikian pula, arus kas operasi membaik karena optimalisasi modal kerja. Segmen pasokan bangunan menaikan pendapatan 9 menjadi R1.02 miliar sementara laba usaha tetap datar di R45 juta. Margin operasi menyusut menjadi 4,4 dari 4,9 - target manajemen jauh dari 6. Opini investasi Kami sebelumnya melakukan penjualan di counter, namun harga saham naik setelah merilis hasil jangka menengah ini karena adanya kejutan dalam pendapatan utama. Setelah memperbarui model penilaian kami berdasarkan hasil sementara yang lebih baik dari perkiraan, konter sekarang tampaknya diperdagangkan dalam nilai intrinsiknya. Harga saham mungkin mendapat dorongan dari kemungkinan tindakan korporasi karena manajemen baru-baru ini mengeluarkan pemberitahuan peringatan. Meski memiliki hutang yang sangat besar, Invicta duduk di R957 juta secara tunai lebih dari dua kali lipat dalam 1H16. Selain itu, loket tersebut mungkin akan tampil lebih baik pada akhir tahun karena kelompok tersebut kemungkinan akan merilis metrik garis bawah sepanjang tahun yang kuat karena tindakan pengendalian biaya yang menghasilkan marjin keuntungan. Kami mengubah panggilan kami untuk menahan diri dari penjualan. Tingkat hutang yang tinggi Lemahnya prospek lokal dan global Belanja modal terbatas oleh nasabah utama Sifat usaha: Invicta Holdings Ltd merupakan perusahaan induk investasi dengan tiga anak perusahaan utama: Bearing Man Group (BMG), Capital Equipment Group (CEG) dan Building Supply Group (BSG ). Ini mengoperasikan lebih dari selusin divisi yang terlibat dalam mengimpor dan mendistribusikan bahan habis pakai teknik, peralatan modal dan bahan bangunan. Pada tahun 2013 Invicta mengakuisisi Singapores Kian Ann Engineering untuk memimpin ekspansi perusahaan di Asia Tenggara. Pengungkapan: Analis tidak memiliki paparan keuangan terhadap instrumen yang dibahas. Pendapat tersebut mewakili pandangan sejatinya. Untuk Intellidexs penuh disclaimer, metodologi dan definisi silahkan klik di sini. Berbagi di facebook Inisiatif penahanan biaya menopang margin keuntungan Meningkatkan modal kerja dan posisi kas Tindakan korporasi dalam pelepasan Meningkatkan prospek sektor pertanian BAGAIMANA CARA MEMAKAI Inventarisasi MAGAZIN ini: Diasingkan oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi rendah Pengendalian biaya mendorong pertumbuhan pendapatan Phibion Makuwerere Intellidex Invicta has Terkesan pada garis terbawah dengan pertumbuhan dua digit dalam periode interimnya sampai akhir September, memberikan pada salah satu janjinya pada awal TA17 untuk meningkatkan pengendalian biaya. Namun, pertumbuhan top-line tetap menjadi tantangan karena masih dalam satu digit namun lebih baik dari tingkat pertumbuhan tahun lalu. Invictas memiliki eksposur yang tinggi terhadap ekonomi stagnan SA dimana menghasilkan lebih dari tiga perempat pendapatan, terutama sektor siklis pertambangan, pertanian dan konstruksi adalah sebuah tantangan. It is encouraging that management has delivered on some of the objectives it set out at the beginning of FY17. Further to astute cost-containment, it has recovered working capital in its operations, generating positive operating cash flows for the first time in more than two years. But this type of earnings growth is not sustainable as long as double-digit revenue growth remains elusive. The net debt-to-equity ratio remains high at more than 115, but its an improvement from the previous year-ends 135 and was brought down by improved cash flows that enabled Invicta to reduce a small portion of its Asian debt. share on twitter HOW TO USE THIS MAGazine At the end of 2001, more than four times as much money was invested in local equity unit trusts as was held in multi-asset funds. Over the past 15 years however, this has reversed dramatically. There is now more than twice as much money held in balanced funds as there is in pure equity unit portfolios. Balanced funds have quite clearly become the preferred vehicle for South African investors. More specifically, multi-asset high-equity funds have become easily the largest local unit trust category. At the end of September, the Association for Savings and Investment South Africa reported that R428.7 billion was invested in these mandates, which is nearly half of all the money held in South African balanced funds. A large part of the reason that these funds have become so popular, is that the best of them have been able to produce equity-like returns, at much lower risk. Since most of them comply with Regulation 28 of the Pension Funds Act, they can also be used in retirement-funding vehicles such as retirement annuities. However, the popularity of these funds has also meant that more and more managers have wanted to compete in this space. However, the popularity of these funds has also meant that more and more managers have wanted to compete in this space. There are now over 200 multi-asset high equity unit trusts, making it rather difficult for investors to identify the ones appropriate for their needs. While past performance should never be used as the only indicator of a funds quality, it is a good place to start. And it is therefore worth looking at which of these unit trusts have produced the best longer-term returns. Taking a longer-term view, the table to the right shows the top ten funds in this category over the past ten years. There are only 41 multi-asset high-equity funds with track records this long. This excludes five of the top performers over five years the Truffle, Rezco Managed Plus, Nedgroup Investments, Personal Trust and Plexus unit trusts. Over this longer period, there are five funds with records better than the Alsi. At the same time last year, there was only one. That was the Rezco Value Trend Fund, which continues to be the top performer in this category over the long term. It also stands out for delivering annualised returns, more than 1.5 better than any of its peers. It is also notable that the Allan Gray, Coronation and Investec funds are all near the top of this list. These are three of the four largest funds in this category, which together hold 47.5 of all the money invested in multi-asset high-equity portfolios. This suggests that the average investor has done pretty well from investing in a balanced mandate. share on facebook The favourite favourites share on twitter The first thing worth noting is that the top 14 funds all delivered returns ahead of the JSE All Share Index (Alsi). This is up from just three funds that had out-performed the market over five years at the same time last year. To a large extent, this has to do with the relatively poor performance of the local equity market over the past 36 months. These balanced funds have done better than South African equities because they have been able to find alternative sources of return, particularly offshore. However, investors should also be aware that these 14 funds that beat the index, represent only around 17 of the unit trusts in this category with track records this long. The average fund has produced returns significantly below those of the equity market. This highlights just how difficult it is to select a manager who will be able to produce this kind of performance, as it is very difficult to tell beforehand who the winning managers will be. That said, the Truffle MET Balanced Fund stands out ahead of all its peers in this category over this period. It currently allocates only 43 of its portfolio to South African-listed shares, with 23 held offshore and over 6 in listed property. What is also remarkable is that it has delivered these strong five-year returns, even though it has been negative over the last 12 months. The Rezco Value Trend Fund has been a top-performer in this category for many years and continues to produce outstanding performance. At the moment it is also one of the most conservatively-positioned funds in its class, with just 20 allocated to local equity and nearly 60 of its portfolio in cash. Even so, it has also been negative over the last year, which illustrates just how difficult the current investment environment is. Another fund worth highlighting is the Nedgroup Investments Core Diversified Fund, which is a passive balanced fund. In other words, it only uses index-tracking products for its underlying exposures and therefore comes at low cost. It is exceptional that this strategy has delivered returns not only better than the Alsi, but better than 85 of the funds in its category. Taking a longer-term view, the table below shows the top ten funds in this category over the past ten years. SAs top multi-asset high equity funds Embracing both the letter and spirit of transformation successfully lands AB InBev - SABMiller combination in South Africa Anheuser-Busch InBevs (AB InBev) GBP79 billion combination with SABMiller represents the largest in the global beverages industry. It is also the largest foreign direct investment into South Africa to date. South Africa was identified as one of the four geographies in which regulatory approval was a pre-condition to the closure of the global transaction. South Africa contributed USD1 billion of SABMillers EBITA, representing approximately 15 of the companys group EBITA. South Africas complex economic transformation legislation, developed in support of the governments broader national development goals, required advisors experienced in South African legislation and conversant with national development principles. Central to this was established relationships with government and key labour and supplier stakeholders, says Frad Shoko, Head, Global Advisory at Standard Bank. These considerations saw AB InBev appoint Standard Bank as financial adviser in relation to Africa matters, joint transaction sponsor in respect of the inward listing on the JSE and listing of AB InBev, and foreign exchange provider on AB InBevs business combination with SABMiller. Regulatory approval was obtained following extensive consultative stakeholder engagement. The South African pre-conditions for the merger were twofold, namely South African Competition Tribunal approval, and receipt of exchange control approval from the Financial Surveillance department of the South African Reserve Bank. In practical terms this meant securing legislative approval from the South African Competition Tribunal and the South African Reserve Bank. In philosophical terms, however, AB InBev was required to understand and buy-in to a higher vision of the South African market. AB InBev consulted closely with a number of stakeholders, including various government ministries to understand and support - their visions for the development of the South African economy. By demonstrating their commitment to work within both the letter and the spirit of South Africas economic transformation agenda, AB InBev quickly secured Competition Tribunal approval. The listing on the JSE was carried out by way of a fast-track listing process available to corporates already listed on major exchanges elsewhere in the world. The process took 21 days from application to listing, a record turnaround time for the JSE. The process also involved ground breaking mechanisms to achieve fungibility and liquidity between Euronext and the JSE, explains Mr Shoko. The record time in which approval was granted, had a lot to do with how, supported by Standard Bank, AB InBevs supply chain and procurement teams developed a transformative supplier programme. This included a ZAR1 billion fund to support small-holder farmers while promoting enterprise development, local manufacturing, exports and jobs. The programme also included measures to reduce the harmful use of alcohol while promoting green and water-saving technologies. Each element of this far-reaching package of commitments required an understanding of the South African operating and regulatory environment, as well as insight into the objectives and priorities of key stakeholders in the country, adds Mr Shoko. Characterised as ground-breaking by the South African Government, AB InBevs commitment to the broader national development goals of South Africas transformation programme provides a benchmark to global businesses seeking to invest in South Africa. They also demonstrate the importance of a thorough approach to the regulatory processes and stakeholder engagement. Standard Bank is also present and fluent within all 15 African legislative environments which were pertinent to AB InBevs combination with SABMiller. From the outset AB InBev made it clear that Africa would play a vital role in the combined group. This, combined with the philosophical understanding and technical ability to land a transaction of this size in the South African market, made Standard Bank the obvious choice as an advisor for the African leg of this ground-breaking global beverages combination, says Mr Shoko. HOW TO USE THIS MAGazine Financial services companies on the JSE have been through a torrid time over the past 12 months. They have often born the brunt of South Africas political uncertainty. Nenegate in particular, saw a sharp sell off in these shares in December last year. Concerns around a potential credit downgrade also continue to weigh them down. While the FTSEJSE All Share Index is more or less flat over the past 12 months, the Financial 15 Index is down around 10. This is some indication of how the market views these companies at the moment. Managers of financial equity funds have therefore had a challenging time in putting their portfolios together. They have had to be very conscious of managing risk in this environment. The tables on the following page show which counters three financial sector fund managers have bought into, and which they sold out of, over the 12 months to the end of September 2016. The share must have had a weighting of more than 1 to be considered. The tables also show any notable and substantial changes to positions within the funds. The Stanlib Fund was the most active of the three, in terms of buying into new positions. It saw value in a range of counters, from the JSE to long-term insurer Alexander Forbes and asset manager Coronation. Coronation has been generally out of favour among investors as the markets have not been supportive of the business over the last two years. However, the share has shown recent signs of recovery. Although it is still below the highs it reached towards the end of 2014, it is up more than 40 for the year to date. Like the SIM Fund, Stanlib also holds a generous portion of its portfolio in listed real estate. Apart from buying into Capital Counties, the fund also has exposure to Growthpoint, Redefine and Resilient, with propertys total weight in the fund being over 10. share on twitter share on facebook The SIM fund managers have made a clear decision to increase their exposure to listed property. The fund only had minimal exposure to real estate counters in September 2015, but a year later it had grown to close to 10 of its portfolio. A good chunk of this was offshore, through the likes of Intu, Capital Counties and Investec Australia. The fund also bought heavily into RMB Holdings, which has property exposure through its interest in Atterbury. Although Discovery was the only stock they sold out of, the managers also substantially decreased exposure to a number of companies with a primarily local focus the likes of Sanlam, Nedbank, JSE and PSG. The fund also offloaded most of its holding in FirstRand, but this was offset through its buying of RMB Holdings at the same time. FirstRand is still by far the largest part of RMB Holdings portfolio. What top financial sector fund managers have been buying and selling HOW TO USE THIS MAGazine The Christmas decorations have gone up and Santa Claus is coming to town (or at least shopping malls are going to town with the tune). mind, the bank has focused on building targeted solutions for specific professions. For instance, it has built Mercantile Online Invest, which simplifies the management of trust accounts for lawyers, estate agents and forex intermediaries. This has seen deposits increase by R1.9 billion over the past 18 months. This month, Mercantile will be launching a unique offering for professionals initially focused on the medical sector - whereby the bank will help chiropractors, dentists, physiotherapists and others with the financing necessary to establish their practice. This offering is supported by the rental finance business, Mercantile Rental Finance, which has 10 000 clients and has seen its rental book grow from R30 million to R660 million in five years. These may not be big numbers, but in percentage terms Mercantile increased its deposits, lending and profitability by over 20 between October 2015 and October 2016 in a period when lending to SMEs has been flat. For Kumbier, developing targeted solutions for entrepreneurs comes naturally. My father set up a textile factory in the 1970s, my sister is a chiropractor and my brother has a business in the motor industry. As an accountant he has been exposed to entrepreneurs in diverse ways: Ive loved working with entrepreneurs whether buying and selling their businesses in corporate finance, providing business banking services or helping to grow a bank in Ghana all of these experiences have created a passion for entrepreneurs and growing small business. It is the time of year when starry-eyed children write to Santa or look to parents and grandparents in the hope of getting their hands on the latest gadget or toy. While adding an investment to a Christmas stocking may (literally) not have the same ring to it, it can be a great way to teach children about money, and get them interested in the investment process. Warren Wheatley, chief investment officer at TSS Capital, says it is an exceptionally good idea to give investments as gifts. In investing, the earlier you start the better, because of the benefits of compound interest, he says. Besides the obvious financial benefits, the mechanism of the gift allows for recurring gifts over the years and can facilitate the pooling of family resources. Friends and family can jointly contribute to a single investment structure at every gifting occasion, he adds. Lynette Wilkinson, Certified Financial Planner and retirement specialist at Chartered Wealth Solutions, echoes his sentiment. An investment is a gift that lasts and grandparents can participate in teaching their grandchildren the value of saving. Investments generally have a longer useful value than most toys would. As children grow older and see the value of their investment increasing annually, the excitement will grow, adds Martin de Kock, Certified Financial Planner and director of Ascor Independent Wealth Managers. share on facebook Investments in the Christmas stocking share on twitter Its also a great learning opportunity to teach children from a young age what saving and investing is all about. Generally there is a big shortage of financial skills among young children and even teenagers, because parents dont spend enough time discussing financial issues and basics with their children. De Kock says grandparents find joy in childrens reaction when they receive and open a gift. To still experience this joy it may be practical to buy a small and cheap gift along with the investment certificate. Parents and grandparents should take time to explain the long-term benefits of the investment and can consider using a maize seed as an example, De Kock says. You can grind the maize seed now and eat it as porridge, or you can plant the seed and harvest numerous maize seeds in a years time, giving you maize to eat and more to plant for a later harvest. There are numerous investing principles that can be explained, depending on the age of the child. An important principle is that of delayed gratification and saving for something bigger in the future, he adds. Wilkinson says she generally recommends a balanced diversified fund on a unit trust platform, that can also accommodate other funds if they want to have some money market exposure for shorter-term saving objectives. In her experience, getting children excited and involved in money and investment affairs will depend on the adults involvement in the investments. If they are interested they will pass that on to the children and be able to discuss it. Buying a tracker fund like Satrix or Coronations Top 20 fund, allows the adult to discuss the companies owned by the fund. As an investor, one can then point out where their offices are and what they do as part of an everyday experience. Wheatley says his son is a typical 11-year old who loves video games and is allowed limited access to social media. Since he constantly looks things up on the internet and watches YouTube videos all the time, it was easy to peak his interest in investments by looking directly at shares like YouTubes parent company, Google, as well as Amazon and Facebook. In short, we built a share portfolio made up almost exclusively of companies whose products and services he uses or wants to use. It also provides a mechanism to start teaching the basics of fundamental analysis by comparing the various companies. Start small Even if you prefer to go the traditional gift route, there are some interesting apps that could assist in teaching children about money and investments without necessarily having to invest. Standard Bank recently launched Kidz Banking, an educational app aimed at children between the ages of six and 11. In the investment space, SatrixNOW offers investors the option of buying a voucher as a gift. The minimum is set at R50. The depreciation of the rand has created significant interest in offshore investments, but although they are an integral part of a diversified portfolio and can offer access to sectors not represented in the local market, the decision should not be informed by short-term currency weakness. Equity markets are generally quite expensive and sudden rand strength may impact returns in the short term. This should be a long-term decision. CoreShares recently launched two exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that offer global exposure by tracking the SP 500 and the SP Global Property 40 indices. Getting children excited about non-traditional gifts There are numerous investing principles that can be explained, depending on the age of the child. A deadly serious business that requires a strategy HOW TO USE THIS MAGazine In a depressed economy where small businesses are being squeezed left, right and centre, Mercantile Bank has grown its assets under management by 55 between 2013 and 2016. It has done this by taking market share from the bigger banks. Our sole purpose in life is to grow entrepreneurs, says Karl Kumbier, CEO of the bank, which is owned by Caixa Geral De Depsitos, a Portuguese Government-owned international banking group. Just as Capitec focuses on the market less served, and Investec targets high net wealth individuals, Mercantile has created a niche, focusing on small and medium sized businesses only. SMEs have been badly serviced in the past and we believe we can make a difference, he says. Growth has had to come from market share because the sector is not growing. It is a tough environment for SMEs, Kumbier says. share on facebook Young, promising, enterprising, innovative There are numerous investing principles that can be explained, depending on the age of the child. share on twitter It has done this by taking market share from the bigger banks. Our sole purpose in life is to grow entrepreneurs, says Karl Kumbier, CEO of the bank, which is owned by Caixa Geral De Depsitos, a Portuguese Government-owned international banking group. Just as Capitec focuses on the market less served, and Investec targets high net wealth individuals, Mercantile has created a niche, focusing on small and medium sized businesses only. SMEs have been badly serviced in the past and we believe we can make a difference, he says. Growth has had to come from market share because the sector is not growing. It is a tough environment for SMEs, Kumbier says. Large corporates are paying late and small operators are struggling to collect debtors. On average, debtors days have moved from about 45 days to 50 days. But entrepreneurs are resilient. They are looking for new opportunities. Even if they are just covering costs at the moment, markets will turn, and the good companies will remain. While Mercantile will support any business with an entrepreneur behind it, from a hairdresser to Richard Branson, it is not a banker to startups, he says, acknowledging that it is very difficult for startups to raise money. Roughly eight out of ten start-ups will fail. But the two out of ten that are generating positive cash flow and are profitable we will provide them with solutions. While Mercantile banks thousands of SMEs, and is partnering with fintech companies and market disruptors such as Yoco, Forex People and SureSwipe, Kumbier acknowledges the company does not have a strong brand. We have 1 share of the market so we fly under the radar. Sometimes clients have been turned down by other banks before they come to us. This is not a deterrent, he says. If our credit committee which meets every afternoon at 4:30 - buys into the vision and business plan, clients can have an indicative answer by the next morning. In one instance, a security company with 2 000 guards approached the bank after being turned down by others. With the banks backing they have grown to the point that they have over 10 000 guards and are still growing. While total assets under management have grown from R7.5 billion in 2013 to R12 billion in 2016, Kumbier says that growing deposits is the challenge for small banks. With this in mind, the bank has focused on building targeted solutions for specific professions. For instance, it has built Mercantile Online Invest, which simplifies the management of trust accounts for lawyers, estate agents and forex intermediaries. This has seen deposits increase by R1.9 billion over the past 18 months. This month, Mercantile will be launching a unique offering for professionals initially focused on the medical sector - whereby the bank will help chiropractors, dentists, physiotherapists and others with the financing necessary to establish their practice. This offering is supported by the rental finance business, Mercantile Rental Finance, which has 10 000 clients and has seen its rental book grow from R30 million to R660 million in five years. These may not be big numbers, but in percentage terms Mercantile increased its deposits, lending and profitability by over 20 between October 2015 and October 2016 in a period when lending to SMEs has been flat. For Kumbier, developing targeted solutions for entrepreneurs comes naturally. My father set up a textile factory in the 1970s, my sister is a chiropractor and my brother has a business in the motor industry. As an accountant he has been exposed to entrepreneurs in diverse ways: Ive loved working with entrepreneurs whether buying and selling their businesses in corporate finance, providing business banking services or helping to grow a bank in Ghana all of these experiences have created a passion for entrepreneurs and growing small business. Yoco is a small business to watch Exchange-traded funds are catching on. Research by my firm, Intellidex, recently found that, after cash equities, ETFs are the most traded form of stock market investment among South African retail investors. share on twitter ETFs: Miracle product There are ways around this many ETFs rebalance at set intervals, such as quarterly. But still, as long as active investors know when ETF-related flows are going to hit the market, they can front run them. According to Bloomberg, ETF front-running costs the funds about 4.3 billion a year, an amount equal to double or triple the overt costs they charge investors. This is often not visible to investors, disclosed as the tracking error of the fund, rather than the charges that are actually levied. But when the all-in cost to investors is added up, the cost advantages of ETFs relative to actively managed funds becomes much less clear. The SEC is more worried about systemic risks around ETFs, such as their potential to exacerbate violent flash crashes in market movements. It was particularly concerned following major movements in August 2015, when 1 000 securities were suspended from trade in a single session after they triggered emergency volatility circuit breakers. That was largely blamed on ETFs. A much older criticism of ETFs, often mounted by the active fund management industry, is that they make dumb investment decisions, buying stocks that have been winners and become larger parts of indices, while selling losers. As a general investment strategy, that stands in conflict with value buying, picking up unloved companies whose prices have shifted too low and selling the stars. The criticism is that an index-tracking strategy is likely to systematically bias investors toward winners and against losers, so pushing share prices into bubble territory. Another criticism is that ETFs are, by definition, not active investors, so they play no oversight role over the companies in which theyre invested. ETFs dont vote on shareholder resolutions, let alone criticise management decision-making. For errant management, having a large passive investment base in your shareholding will make life very comfortable. A related criticism is that pricing of securities in a market with heavy ETF participation is going to be less efficient, in the sense that prices wont be as responsive to new information. For South African investors, the debates that are increasingly occurring in the US are interesting to watch, but the role of ETFs here has not yet grown to levels that provoke the same concerns. ETFs remain a clearly superior way to obtain broad exposure to an asset class without having to fear some of the downside risks worrying regulators elsewhere. Someday, however, that may no longer be true. share on facebook Of 6 300 respondents to an online survey of stockbroking account holders this year, 28 said they use ETFs compared with 20 two years ago. The growth has been supported by the fact that tax-free savings accounts, which became available from stockbrokers in March 2015, are only allowed to invest in the stock market through ETFs and unit trusts, and not individual shares. National Treasury argues that the instruments are lower risk than ordinary shares because they give investors exposures to portfolios rather than individual shares, which can be more volatile. ETFs appear to be a miraculous product. You get the benefits of tracking an index without the expense of having to pay a fund manager to look after it, or the hassle of trying to assemble a portfolio on your own. Costs are almost always under 1 per year and as low as 25 basis points for simple index trackers. Plus, unlike unit trusts, they can be bought and sold immediately while markets are open and prices are easily visible. Regulators here have long pushed for increased use of passive products like ETFs as a cheaper option for savers and pension funds. But, in places where such funds have had the most success, regulators are starting to worry. In the US, which has 70 of the worlds ETFs by value, ETFs hold 30 of all shares. The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently began a full review of the industry, worried that the flow of funds into ETFs is contributing to market volatility. The problem with passive investing is that buy and sell decisions are automatic. For a typical index tracker, if a stock goes up in value the funds have to buy it, and if it goes down in value they have to sell it. So you can see how ETFs might exacerbate market movements, amplifying the impact of active buying and selling decisions. For active investors, those movements will range from irrelevant to a source of further profits. If you are able to anticipate the herd of buying and selling that follows movements in the market, you should be able to game the ETFs. One simple strategy would be to sell before the ETFs follow and then pick up shares as their selling subsides and ride the price back up as they follow suit. With enough active investors doing that, it would become impossible for ETFs to track an index very closely, lagging index movements. As it is, ETFs typically deliver a return slightly behind the index. As they grow, market distortions are appearingThe Forex miracle: Earn 600 per annum Trader makes effective annual growth of 10 840. Malcolm Rees nbspnbsp 16 May 2013nbsp23:30 JOHANNESBURG 8211 Last month Moneyweb reported on the investment scheme, NaxaInvest. Yang ditawarkan investor kembali 2 hari, pura-pura melalui perdagangan di pasar valuta asing (forex). Menyusul laporan tersebut, Financial Services Board (FSB) dengan cepat mengeluarkan sebuah pernyataan yang mengingatkan investor untuk menghindari skema tersebut karena bukan merupakan penyedia jasa keuangan resmi. Anehnya, pendukung forex telah memasang pertahanan klaim Naxarsquos yang mengembalikan lebih dari 600 kemungkinan dilakukan melalui perdagangan mata uang. Salah satu guru forex tersebut adalah FSB-license Johan van As. LdquoSuccessful trader forex bisa melakukan jauh lebih baik daripada 2 keuntungan per hari yang ditawarkan oleh skema ini, rdquo dia klaim. Melalui perusahaannya ForexMasters. Van As menawarkan program pelatihan forex tiga hari kepada kliennya dari rumahnya, dengan biaya sebesar R10.000. Biaya yang lumayan, mungkin, tapi tidak jika jenis pengembalian yang Van As klaim dapat membantu kliennya mencapai adalah mungkin. Untuk membela klaimnya, Van As telah menyediakan Moneyweb dengan prospektus PrivateFX. Sebuah program forex yang dikelola secara pribadi yang mengklaim menghasilkan 716 gabungan kembali dalam 14 bulan. Dia juga mengklaim bahwa guru forex internasional Greg Secker mengenakan biaya R25 000 untuk dua hari pelatihan dan tiga jam cadangan lewat telepon, sebagai perbandingan. Namun, Van As memperingatkan: Perdagangan perusahaan dagang atas nama klien sangat berhati-hati dengan pengelolaan uang dan pengambilan risiko mereka. LdquoOleh karena itu hasilnya lebih rendah daripada yang dapat dilakukan individu. Individu yang mengumpulkannya dalam individu tersebut termasuk klien Van Asrsquo, Adrian, yang rupanya memasukkan 337.60 ke dalam akun perdagangannya pada tanggal 11 Juli 2007, dan mengklaim telah menghasilkan keuntungan sebesar 9 133,00 dalam hal berikut tiga bulan. Thatrsquos setara dengan pertumbuhan tahunan 10 840. Moneyweb memiliki salinan akunnya, yang mengindikasikan tingkat pertumbuhan ini akurat. Pedagang forex sukses lainnya adalah Lourens Smit, pensiunan berusia 80 tahun, klien Van As. LdquoForex untuk pria yang tepat, jika Anda cukup berpengetahuan dengan tokoh, adalah hadiah dari surga, rdquo katanya. Saya tidak siap untuk menjamin ini tapi saya sudah menghasilkan rata-rata 10 setiap bulannya. Saya mulai dengan 8k dan saya mengerjakannya dengan jumlah yang sangat besar dari beberapa ratus ribu dolar dalam waktu kurang dari setahun, rdquo katanya. Tidak ada cara siapa pun yang memiliki semua pengalaman di dunia ini bisa mengajari Anda apa yang akan terjadi dalam lima menit berikutnya. Tapi ada kecenderungan untuk mengikuti dan ada 101 metode berbeda yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk membantu Anda memutuskan apakah ini adalah tembakan panjang atau tembakan pendek, rdquo katanya. Sebuah paduan suara juara ForexMasters sama sekali tidak berarti satu-satunya suara yang menyanyikan lagu pengembalian forex yang fantastis. Sebagai gantinya tampaknya bergabung dengan paduan suara pendukung intensif para investor forex. Melalui aliran twitternya, Van As mempromosikan software forex AS, forexdominator. Penciptanya, Cecil Robles, mengklaim dapat memprediksi pergerakan di pasar mata uang dengan akurasi 84. Dengan membeli software forex investor ldquodonrsquot harus melakukan sesuatu yang praktis kecuali memutuskan berapa banyak keuntungan yang ingin Anda dapatkan pada peluang perangkat lunak memberitahu Anda dan kadang-kadang memantau perdagangan terbuka Anda. Perangkat lunak ini didasarkan pada 25.000 penelitian dan pengembangan dan ldquoit melakukan 99 pengangkatan berat untuk Anda, rdquo yang dia klaim. Greg Secker, juga telah berkeliling di forum obrolan motivasi SA8217, termasuk di Sandton City, melalui kampanye lsquoKnowledge to Actionrsquo. Janji Secker8217 memberikan kesempatan terbaik dalam sejarah umat manusia8221 melalui jutaan forex yang cepat telah dipertanyakan oleh Guardian Inggris. Yang mengungkapkan bahwa anak perusahaan perdagangannya memiliki aset bersih hanya sebesar pon91 132 pada tanggal 31 Desember 2010 dan membuat kerugian selama tahun pound97.13. Secara lokal, platform investasi Trading Results menawarkan akses investor ke tingkat pengembalian fantastis yang dihasilkan oleh platform AS yang menunjukkan kenaikan 931.13 sejak November 2011. Situs web Trading Resultsrsquo awalnya menjanjikan investor pertumbuhan 3 sampai 5 per bulan, namun tampaknya telah mengubah pernyataan tersebut. Karena diinformasikan oleh Moneyweb bahwa menjanjikan pengembalian lebih dari 20 per tahun di atas tingkat Repo adalah ilegal menurut Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Vista ldquohave menerbitkan hasil mereka sejak 2009 dan telah menunjukkan pertumbuhan lebih dari 60 per tahun dan tahun lalu mereka menunjukkan pertumbuhan mereka sebesar 100, rdquo mengatakan direktur Trading Results, Pierre Van der Walt. LdquoJadi, kami mengatakan bahwa kami menawarkan pertumbuhan 40-60 yang kurang dari itu. rdquo Sementara banyak platform perdagangan forex menawarkan gerbang yang mudah dan cepat ke jutaan yang tak terhitung Van Seperti sedikit lebih banyak lagi mengenai risiko yang terlibat. Perdagangan ldquoForex bukanlah aktivitas yang mudah, rdquo katanya, meski menambahkan bahwa ldquoit juga tidak terlalu sulit. Haruskah Anda menjadi orang yang sangat disiplin, Anda harus memiliki banyak kesabaran, harus bisa bertahan dalam tekanan, harus memiliki kebaikan. Memahami pasar dan harus memiliki metode yang baik untuk menafsirkan pergerakan pasar, rdquo katanya. Ldquo Pedagang harus merasa nyaman dengan risikonya dan harus menerima kenyataan bahwa ia bisa kehilangan uangnya jika ia melakukan terlalu banyak kesalahan. LdquoIt butuh waktu untuk mengembangkan keterampilan dalam trading. Sayangnya, tidak ada perbaikan cepat atau resep cepat kaya. Namun, meski mengingat peringatan Van Asrsquo, kesempatan nyata bagi orang awam untuk menghasilkan keuntungan yang menurut kurcaci yang diraih oleh manajer dana profesional memang memunculkan pertanyaan yang jelas. Mengapa tidak lebih banyak manajer investasi menempatkan uang nasabah dalam dana Forex dan mengapa kebanyakan ahli forex yang menawarkan pelatihan tidak hanya masuk pasar sendiri untuk menghasilkan keuntungan yang mereka janjikan daripada menghabiskan waktu untuk memberikan program pelatihan mahal, tapi tidak mahal mahal, yang mereka tawarkan Pasar ldquoForex tidak dapat diprediksi dan mudah berubah, jadi ini berarti ada potensi menghasilkan banyak uang, tapi yang sebaliknya juga benar, kata Chantal Robertson, kepala Penjualan Spesialis di FNB. Ldquo Pasar valas akan menjadi investasi berisiko tinggi, dan oleh karena itu diharapkan akan menghasilkan laba yang lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan investasi ekuitas. Namun, karena volatilitas pasar, tidak mungkin pengembalian besar dapat dicapai secara berkelanjutan. Dengan kata hati hati-hati untuk semua calon investor ketika dijanjikan, pengembalian yang brilian tersebut adalah bahwa mereka perlu memastikan bahwa mereka menggunakan perusahaan yang memiliki reputasi baik. Hal ini terutama berlaku bila menggunakan platform perdagangan asing. Biasanya individu membiayai hal ini dengan cara tunjangan investasi asing mereka, yang tunduk pada persyaratan peraturan standar. Tanya Tanya Woker, mantan wakil ketua Komite Urusan Konsumen Departemen Perdagangan dan Industri mencatat juga, seperti NaxaInvest, janji-janji dari Hasil yang fantastis melalui peluang investasi seperti Forex biasanya digunakan sebagai front untuk memancing investor masuk ke dalam skema cepat kaya-liar seperti Ponzis dan piramida. Robertson emphasises that FNB, as an authorised dealer, does not offer a speculative trading platform as a product. Jennifer Mbabazi Moyo El-hadj M. Bah Audrey Verdier-Chouchane African Development Bank The authors gratefully acknowledge the very useful comments provided by Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Acting Vice-President and Chief Economist, AfDB Issa Faye, Manager, AfDB Research Division Zuzana Brixiova, AfDB Economics Complex and Xavier Boulenger, Joseph Coompson, Ken Johm, Benedict Kanu, and Damian Onyema, AfDB Agriculture and Agro-industry Department. In particular, they would also like to thank Charlotte Karagueuzian and Anna von Wachenfelt (AfDB Consultants) for their excellent research assistance. Agriculture persists as an important sector of the African economy. Although its significance in the economy varies widely across African countries, agriculture remains a vital sector for most countries. It contributes from 2.4 percent of GDP in Equatorial Guinea to 70 percent of GDP in Liberia, 1 providing an average of around 15 percent of GDP for the continent. The declining GDP contribution of agriculture to the economy is a sign of low productivity and limited value addition to agricultural commodities, as the sector provides employment for 50 percent of the labor force (see Chapter 1.1, Figure 4) 47 percent of these workers are women. 2 It is the main source of income for Africas rural populationestimated to represent 64 percent of the total. Africas agriculture is dominated by a variety of staple food crops (maize, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, etc.) and a few traditional cash crops (coffee, cotton, cocoa, oil palm, sugar, tea, and tobacco). The sector is also characterized by a high percentage of smallholder farmers (80 percent) cultivating low-yield staple food crops on small plots with a minimal use of inputs. These farms depend on rainwater, thus subjecting production to the vagaries of the weather. Despite its importance, agricultural productivity remains dismal, undermining Africas overall productivity and food security. The sectors productivity in Africa considerably lags other developing regions (see Figure 1 for cereal yields see also Chapter 1.1. Figure 5a) and, unlike other regions, Africa has not benefited from the green revolution. 3 In spite of its vast natural resources, including a huge expanse of arable land, Africa has the highest incidence of undernourishment (estimated at almost one in four persons) worldwide. Africa imports food staples valued at about US25 billion annually, essentially because food production, supply, and consumption systems are not functioning optimally. The level of value addition and crop processing of agricultural commodities is low and post-harvest losses in sub-Saharan Africa average 30 percent of total production, meaning that the region loses over US4 billion each year. 4 Moreover, the poor performance in agriculture undermines poverty reduction and inclusive growth. Despite its fast economic growth in the last two decades, poverty reduction in Africa has remained limited. The Millennium Development Goals Report finds that the share of people in sub-Saharan Africa living on less than US1.25 a day slightly decreased, dropping from 56 percent in 1990 to 48 percent in 2010. 5 The limited decrease in poverty is partly the result of the fact that growth has been driven mostly by low labor-intensive sectors such as mining, while agriculture played a minor role. A substantial body of the literature finds that agriculture-led growth has greater impact on poverty reduction than non-agriculture-led growth. 6 The agriculture sector is a key to achieving inclusive growth because, in Africa, it consists mostly of smallholder farmers, the majority of whom are women. 7 With higher agricultural productivity gender-equal access to land, seed, and fertilizer and overall better performance in rural economies, growth will reach the most disadvantagednamely women and youth. However, considerable effort is needed to ensure that institutions and mechanisms for inclusion are put in place, while at the same time pushing toward the development of large commercial farming. The slow productivity growth in agriculture is also constraining Africas structural transformation process and economic diversification. As reported in several studies on structural transformation, reliance on subsistence production and weak productivity growth in the agriculture sector prevents the workforce from moving out of this sector into manufacturing and services. 8 Globally, countries that have developed successfully are those that have shifted their resources from agriculture to manufacturing. 9 However, as indicated in Chapter 1.1 Figure 4, this is not the case for Africa, where labor tends to move more into services, in particular trade, rather than into the manufacturing sector. Given the low productivity in services and the prominence of the informal service sector, this current pattern of structural transformation will not yield sustainable income growth for the majority of people nor will it lead to economic development. 10 Inclusive growth and higher income for the majority requires higher productivity in labor-intensive sectors, including agriculture. As outlined in its 10-year strategy 201322, 11 the African Development Bank (AfDB)the first and overarching objective of which is to promote inclusive growthwill pay particular attention to agriculture and food security, to fragile states, and to gender. This chapter presents the ingredients needed to transform Africas agriculture in order to make it more competitive. The next section explains the missed green revolution in Africa and draws lessons for the continent from Asias experience. The following section analyzes the mechanisms for productivity improvements, with a particular focus on the role of information communication technologies (ICTs) in agriculture and the importance of land reforms. It also considers the opportunities and challenges of biotechnology for facilitating a quantum leap in productivity. The next section considers the role of value chains in unlocking markets for smallholders, who make up the bulk of agriculture producers in Africa. It begins with a discussion of Africas positioning and potential within global and regional value chains and then addresses the means for creating a conducive environment that fosters greater value chain integration. The chapter then outlines the AfDBs recent and planned future support of the agriculture and agribusiness sectors to enhance both inclusiveness and competiveness. Conclusions and policy recommendations are then discussed. Impediments to Africas green revolution The green revolution benefited most regions of the world, particularly East Asia, as it resulted in regional food surpluses within 25 years. Asia benefited the most, with significant increases in cereal yields (Figure 1) in East Asia and the Pacific, for instance, cereal yields almost quadrupled between 1960 and 1990. Driven by the political will to make their countries food self-sufficient, Asian countries doubled cereal production between 1970 and 1995, while the total land area cultivated with cereals increased by only 4 percent. 12 Drawing lessons from Indias experience, this success has been attributed to several factors. 13 First, the adoption of high-yielding seed varieties resulted in a substantial increase in food grain production, particularly wheat and rice. Second, the use of pesticides positively contributed to increased yields, albeit at the expense of the environment, discussed later in this chapter. Third, the availability and expansion of agricultural infrastructure facilities such as irrigation facilities, machinery, extension services, and broader infrastructure facilitiesincluding transport and communication as well as storage and warehousing facilitiesfurther supported the green revolution. Fourth, the expansion of better crop and soil management techniques, including multiple cropping practices, fostered the advance of the green revolution. Fifth, agricultural credit and land reform were crucial ingredients that enhanced agricultural productivity. Short-term credit facilities were provided by cooperative banks, while long-term credit was provided by development banks. This was done together with land reforms aimed at consolidating land holdings and giving farmers security of tenure, thereby enabling farmers to access credit facilities. However, the green revolution is more than a technology fix, and a supportive economic and policy environment remains vital to its success. Addressing the need for functioning markets to handle the surge in production went hand in hand with addressing the need to educate farmers about the new technology and to ensure that they both have access to inputs and receive a fair reward for their investments. In addition, government interventions were crucial to ensure that small farmers were included rather than left behind. 14 For instance, Asian governments formulated various pro-small farms policies including policies relating to credit, incentive prices for crops, and subsidized input prices. Consequently, the green revolution successfully reached poor and remote rural population on the Asian continent. In contrast, Africa did not benefit from the green revolution. Figure 1 reveals that cereal yields in Africa have been virtually constant during the period 196090. This lack of progresstogether with factors such as high population growth, policy distortions, weak institutions, poor infrastructure, extreme weather events, and political instabilityexplains why African countries are still dependent on food imports. While Asian countries largely increased cereal yields per hectare, African countries mainly expanded the area cultivated to enhance production. The increase in the land area cultivated, coupled with poor crop husbandry, resulted in extensive environmental problems such as nutrient mining desertification degraded soils and loss of forests, wetlands, and pastures. Moreover, this poses a challenge to Africas long-term agricultural productivity and the sustainability of its agricultural production. As a result, in the face of rapid population growth, sub-Saharan Africa imports about US25 billion of staple foods annually despite the continents vast agricultural potential, putting a strain on scarce foreign exchange reserves. This chapter next considers the main reasons for the missed green revolution in Africa, focusing primarily on ecological, technical, policy, and institutional factors before drawing lessons from past green revolution experiences in Asia and adapting them to Africa. Explaining the missed green revolution in Africa With regard to ecological factors, Africas soils vary by region and are, in general, very different from, and less fertile than, the Asian volcanic soils and alluvial valleys. Weather shocks such as droughts are frequent, and rainfall varies dramatically across Africa, with the northern half of the continent containing large arid areas. These ecological factors are a significant impediment to Africas agricultural development, given the continents low use of irrigation and overwhelming dependence on rain-fed agriculture. International research on high-yield crops did not focus on African staple foods and agro-ecological systems. Although the green revolution in Asia can be attributed to the extended use of irrigation, improved crop varieties, and expanded use of chemical fertilizers, the implementation of similar strategies in Africa has not been successful. 15 According to the World Bank, the heterogeneity of both agro-ecological conditions and crop production (maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, etc.) suggests that outside technologies are often not directly transferable to improve the continents productivity. In other words, the productivity revolution in Africa needs a tailored approach and a more careful contextualization to better fit with Africas specific agricultural conditions. 16 This includes a focus on the development of technology more suitable for Africa that is aimed not only at increasing productivity of root and tree crop production systems but also at saving labor for cereal production. 17 Likewise, improved varieties have to be developed to take into account the African environment with its specific requirements. This has started happening with the development of NERICA rice (see also Box 2) and high-yielding varieties of cassava. Inadequate policies have distorted Africas agriculture sector, thereby constraining technology adoption. In the past, indirect and direct taxes distorted prices and prevented farmers from adopting modern inputs such as fertilizers. In addition, many African governments established agricultural marketing boards that purchased products from farmers at fixed prices and resold the products in domestic and international markets at prevailing market prices, while controlling exchange rate to protect the local market. This scheme served to control prices so as to ensure income stability to the farmers. The implication was a lack of incentive to invest in intermediate inputs such as fertilizers. 18 Policy and market failures account for the slow adoption of productivity-enhancing inputs such as equipment, fertilizers, and pesticides. Figure 2 shows that fertilizer use is still low in most countries. Voortman argues that several market and institutional factors have discouraged African farmers from using fertilizers. 19 First, underdeveloped markets (low volumes), high prices, and high transport costs have limited the availability of fertilizers. Indeed, as Chapter 1.1 documents, sub-Saharan Africas infrastructure deficit (mainly roads and electricity, as well as ICTs) is significant, particularly in small and landlocked countries. This impedes the provision and use of productivity-enhancing inputs. For example, as Gollin and Rogerson argue, poor transportation networks account in large part for the low productivity of Ugandas agriculture. 20 Second and most importantly, fertilizer costs have not been recouped because soil analysis has not been taken into account to determine the appropriate fertilizers. The popular fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorous) developed for Asian and Latin American soils have had minimal or no effect on yield in Africa. 21 Indeed, the heterogeneity of African soils requires the usage of targeted fertilizer applications. Despite recognition of the importance of the sector in Africa, investment in agriculture has been neglected by African governments and donors. Although official development assistance has increased by about 250 percent between the 1980s and the 2010s, allocation to agriculture has halved. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), on average, African governments reduced their spending on agriculture from 4.5 percent of total expenditure in 2001 to 2.5 percent in 2012, 22 despite their 2003 pledge to spend at least 10 percent under the African Unions 2003 Maputo Declaration target. Limited funding has prevented the development of research capability in biotechnology, the provision of adequate support for agricultural research, and private-sector participation in agriculture. Low investment in agriculture has partly led to overreliance on rain-fed farming with very little irrigation. The irrigated share of Africas cropland is less than a quarter of the world average. 23 Only 4 percent of crop areas are irrigated in sub-Saharan Africa in comparison, this represents only a small fraction of the Asian investment in irrigation, where 39 percent of the production area is irrigated in South Asia and 29 percent in East Asia. 24 In contrast, Africa has numerous river systems that are not fully exploited and significant groundwater resources that remain largely untapped. These groundwater resources are unevenly spread over a wide range of agro-ecological zones, especially in Southern Africa and some parts of North Africa. Irrigation on the African continent is also hampered by poor water management, which is one result of underdeveloped institutions. Furthermore, while Asias green revolution mainly focused on irrigated wheat and rice, sub-Saharan Africas main staples comprise a much wider variety, including maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, yams, sweet potatoes, and plantains. This wide range of food crops reinforces the argument that Africas agriculture needs to focus on its specific context, as discussed earlier. Furthermore, the lack of good governance and economic institutions in Africa, especially in the financial and insurance sectors, has hampered farmers ability to develop. The general low financial inclusion in Africa is even worse in agriculture, where the production cycle consists of high initial investment, a medium to long period of no cash inflow during the growing season, and large cash windfall after harvest. Many of the products offered by banks and financial intermediaries are inappropriate for smallholder farmers because loan repayment schedules do not take into account crop cycles. Modern financial servicessuch as microloans, credit registries, and value chain financingare therefore needed to improve access to credit to smallholder farmers. The challenges of providing acceptable collateral for agricultural lending are enormous. Moreover, most countries lack tailored insurance products. This means that adverse shocks, such as droughts, often lead to famine because farmers are unprepared to respond. In this context, micro-insurance is emerging as a valuable instrument for protecting farmers. Land governance pertaining to land access, distribution, and female ownership will be further discussed below in the section on mechanisms for productivity improvement. In many countries, land ownership is governed by customary laws this has resulted in high land inequality. Indeed, although women constitute the bulk of the labor force in the continents agriculture sector, rules governing ownership and transfer of land rights are unfavorable to women in Africa. 25 Box 1: Lessons for Africa from the Asian green revolution Some important lessons for Africa that can be drawn from the Asian green revolution include: Double green the agricultural revolution. Higher productivity came at the expense of environmental issues in Asia. The environmental effects of increased agricultural productivity in Africa depend heavily on the sources of productivity growth. Water - and soil-saving innovations undoubtedly have positive effects. However, such techniques are often achieved through the intensive use of manufactured inputs such as fertilizers and chemicals with negative externalities. Instead, productivity can be improved with best practices in terms of environmental impact at all levels of the value chain. Resilience to climate change will be an increasingly difficult challenge to tackle. Promote responsible farmers borrowing. In Asia, the technological dimension of the green revolution was supplemented by heavy government intervention through subsidies on inputs. However, these massive government expenses were not sufficient to limit farmers indebtedness. Green revolution packages ended up indebting a large number of smallholder farmers, eventually pushing them into landlessness and poverty. Develop rural non-farm activities to diversify income. The green revolution in Asia focused on rural farm activities. Kanu et al. highlight the importance of emphasizing rural non-farm activities to diversify income sources, finance on-farm investments, buy food, and stabilize household income during difficult times of drought or price shock. 1-1 To enhance its sustainability, income has to come from diverse sources. Sources: Based on Lapp et al. second edition, 1998 Kanu et al. 2014. The green revolution in Africa is not a lost cause. Africa can gain from productivity improvements with the right set of policies, institutions, and resources, while also drawing from the lessons of the Asian green revolution (Box 1). Today many organizations are working toward this goal. Among them is the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), founded through a partnership between the Rockefeller Foundation and the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation. AGRA is focusing on many of the issues highlighted above, including the development and distribution of high-yield seeds and the improvement of soil health, market access, and financial access. Other research institutions, such as the Africa Rice Center and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), are also working to develop high-yield crops. In general, international research funding and coordination among stakeholders in the agriculture sector have both expanded as the value-added of the green revolution for reducing poverty and eliminating hunger has been increasingly recognized. Some success stories are highlighted in Box 2. Box 2: Recent success in the development of high-yield crops in Africa In recent decades, research efforts have resulted in high-yield crop varieties. For the second most important staple food in Africa . cassava, productivity changed with the introduction of an improved drought-tolerant cassava variety in 1977. Along with continuous improvement in breeding and pest control, the cassava yields have increased by over 40 percent in the past three decades. West Africa has seen up to 60 percent in productivity gains, which has clearly helped to reduce poverty in the region. More recently Malawi and Rwanda have demonstrated rapid production growth it tripled in Rwanda between 2007 and 2011. 2-1 The introduction of modern, high-yielding varieties of maize in East and Southern Africa during the 1960s allowed the crop to develop into one of the continents major sources of calories. Over the last decade, maize production has been particularly significant in West Africa. Nigeria, for instance, has seen its maize yields rise steadily as farmers adopted improved varieties and hybrids, which are drought tolerant. Overall maize production in Africa has increased at an average 5.5 percent per year between 2000 and 2010, while areas harvested remain lower than in 1990, indicating an improvement in production technology. 2-2 Beans are another major staple in Africa, particularly in East Africa. Recently, nearly 10 million farmers in the region, especially in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, have intensified production by relying on high-yielding climbing beans, which are more tolerant to warm temperatures. These improved varieties have brought about substantial productivity gains, as yields in Rwanda and Uganda increased 53 percent and 60 percent, respectively. 2-3 Moreover, in both the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, bio-fortified beans have been introduced to a wider audience, and by 2014 about one-third of the population in Rwanda farmed and consumed them. In 1999, the NERICA (New Rice for Africa) rice, especially developed for African conditions, was released to farmers. The NERICA ricea combination of African and Asian rice varietieshas proven to be drought tolerant, high yielding, early maturing, and resistant to Africans major pests and diseases. It is now cultivated on about 200,000 hectares across Africa. The rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa have increased significantly over the last years as yields grew by 30 percent from 2007 and 2012, and with a faster rate than the global average. 2-4 Efforts to develop other high-yield varieties of rice are underway for other types of soils. 2-5 The next section discusses ways to improve agricultural productivity by leveraging technology and reforming land governance. Mechanisms for productivity improvement in the context of the green revolution: Leveraging technology and land reforms The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) is at the heart of the quest for agricultural productivity improvement in Africa. It was established by the African Union and the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) in 2003, with the goal of an annual productivity growth rate of at least 6 percent. 26 The program has four pillars: (1) land and water management, (2) market access, (3) food supply and hunger eradication, and (4) agricultural research. Since 2003, agricultural GDP has grown on average by 4 percent. Nin-Pratt et al. estimate that total factor productivity (TFP) for the 200110 period grew on average by 2.1 percent. 27 Although this is a considerable improvement over the 1.4 percent growth seen in the 1990s, it is still below expectation. Assuming the same growth rate of inputs as observed in the 1990s, Ludena estimates that a TFP growth rate of 4.4 percent is needed to achieve an output growth rate of 6.2 percent. 28 To bridge this gap, the important factors that contributed to the green revolution (as discussed in the previous section)including the introduction of high-yield varieties, irrigation, increased and better use of fertilizersare still pertinent. As aptly put by Hazell, there is an urgent need to bring the green revolution in an appropriately modified form to Sub-Saharan Africa. 29 Indeed, Africas agriculture should take advantage of recent developments in ICTs and genetic research, which have the potential to revolutionize the sector. Land redistribution policies are also crucial for improving productivity. Before discussing the role of ICTs and land reforms in these efforts, the chapter summarizes the various factors raised in the earlier discussion of the green revolution that are necessary to transform agriculture in Africa. The productivity drivers of the green revolution The introduction and development of high-yield crops is at the heart of Africas agricultural transformation. This was the most important factor in Asia and will also be the key driver of agricultural productivity in Africa. This development entails increased international and national research of plant breeding, taking into account the different types of soils on the continent. As pointed out above, research focusing on African agricultural conditions has increased, thanks to the work of various organizations, providing new hope for agriculture sector transformation. CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and AGRA, for instance, are working intensely to develop high-quality grains for African soils. Investments in research by international organizations and local government are highly beneficial. A US1 invested by CGIAR is estimated to yield US6 in benefits, while the same US dollar invested by governments in sub-Saharan Africa leads to US3 in benefits. 30 However, the discovery of new crop varieties will not lead to transformation if national governments do not increase their efforts to promote the adoption of these crops through effective extension services and the support of local bureaucracies. With the greater effects of climate change on weather patterns, irrigation has to increase substantially. Using an econometric model and data on 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Fuglie and Rada find that that average yields in irrigated farms are 90 percent higher than the yields of nearby rain-fed farms. 31 You et al. estimate that internal rates of return on irrigation projects in Africa vary between 6.6 and 28.0 percent, depending on the type of irrigation and other conditions. 32 The estimates show a huge potential for irrigation in Africa. Beyond this, weather changes are increasingly unpredictable and Africa is severely hit in this regard. This means that reliance on rain-fed agriculture cannot continue and signals that Africa needs not only an increase in irrigation, but also needs to develop better mechanisms for dealing with climate variability. International organizations and national governments are working toward developing climate-smart agriculture to prepare the world to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change for food security, which will certainly be of great interest to Africas agriculture. As soil fertility deteriorates, fertilizer use must increase. As noted earlier, fertilizers are not widely used for a variety of reasons, including market failures. Government interventions are, thus, needed to ensure availability of the right type of fertilizers, at the right price, and at the right times. Subsidies can be helpful, 33 but strong governance and farmer education are both essential for success. 34 Farmer field schools used for education and the provision of agricultural extension services are very beneficial for improving productivity and income. Furthermore, improved knowledge about the use of fertilizers lessens their potential negative impact on the environment. Davis dkk. evaluate the impact of these programs in East Africa. They find an average increase of 61 percent in income, with varying degrees of success across countries. 35 In addition to fertilizers, farmers need to protect their crops from insects and pests through the careful use of insecticides and pesticides. Market access, regulations, and governance need to improve. As shown earlier in the chapter, policy failures have prevented Africa from benefiting from the green revolution, and thus policy needs to improve for the agriculture sector to yield significant benefits. Fuglie and Rada estimate that eliminating policy distortions in agriculture would raise output by 4.7 percent. 36 Improving rural infrastructure such as roads is also crucial to raising productivity. 37 Reducing shipping time and costs would significantly reduce losses in perishable food shipping and make exporters more competitive. As the next section will discuss, ICTs can enable and complement the above reforms. The role of ICTs for agricultural productivity improvement The rapid uptake of ICTs in Africa provides an important opportunity to improve the performance of agricultural value chains (AVCs) from the farm to the market. Indeed, ICTsincluding mobile telephony, radios, geographic information systems (GIS), and satellite imagery technologieshave been expanding in Africa. The likely contribution from ICTs can be viewed from the perspectives of potential stakeholders along the value chain: businesses and business organizations, farmers (smallholders, commercial farms, and trade agencies), researchers, and government departments. ICTs in agriculture can also be considered based on their applications along the stages of the production cycle: pre-cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, and post-harvest. 38 Several potential avenues are available at each stage for applying ICTs to increase agricultural productivity. The following analysis looks at various ICT applications at each stage of the agricultural production cycle and highlights successes. At the pre-cultivation stage, ICTs have several uses, ranging from land and crop selection to the development of crop insurance products they can also enhance land and water management and use. In fact, ICTs can be used for facilitating the process of land registration, allocation, and use for crop selection taking inventory obtaining weather information on the planting calendar and facilitating farmers access to credit. M-PESA in Kenya is a well-known example of a mobile technologybased payment system that is increasing financial inclusion even in rural areas. ICTs can help to develop crop insurance against adverse weather shocks and crop failures. An example of this is Kilimo Salama, 39 a mobile technologybased insurance on purchased inputs (certified seed, fertilizer, and crop protection products) that protects farmers against bad weather shocks. Mobile phones are used to scan the barcode of products purchased by farmers and M-PESA is used for payout at the end of the growing season in case of bad weather. Moreover, GIS and remote sensing (RS) are increasingly being used to ensure more efficient land use and water management. 40 GIS combined with RS has been used to support the assessment of land capability, soil conditions, crop condition and yield, flood and drought risk, groundwater contamination, and pest infestation. 41 For example, Egypt has developed a soil and terrain database for the Sinai Peninsula and other regions. Satellite imagery data and GIS have also been used in Ethiopia and Mozambique to enable land registration and crop inventories. India has many applications using GIS technology to support sustainable agricultural development. One of those applications is a cropping system analysis that identifies low-productivity areas. 42 At the crop cultivation and harvesting stage, ICTs also have other uses. ICTs can generate valuable information on land preparation and sowing, crop health, input managementparticularly the choice and use of fertilizerand pest and water management. ICTs can also be used to get information to farmers, particularly smallholder farmers who could otherwise be out of reach. In 2011, the GSMA mAgri Programme, in partnership with the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation, launched the mFarmer initiative to support the development of mobile agricultural value-added services (Agri VAS) in four countries: India, Kenya, Mali, and Tanzania. The Agri VAS, developed by mobile network operators, is designed to offer information on crop cultivation and market prices to farmers. 43 As in previous examples, at the post-harvest stage ICTs can provide market information that is crucial to improving market efficiency. A lack of sufficient informationincluding information on prices and market conditionsalong with price information asymmetries make it difficult for farmers to get fair prices for their crops. The uncertainty this causes can also discourage attempts to invest more in inputs and technologies. Efforts are being made on the continent to deal with information generation and dissemination issues within the context of commodity exchanges. For example, the Esoko Ghana commodity exchange (EGCI), 44 operational since 2005, publishes a weekly cash price index of commodities. Esoko has expanded in a dozen countries and provides price and knowledge data to farmers via mobile text messages. An even better known commodity market is the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX), which addresses the huge market inefficiency that prevented commodity buyers from interacting directly with sellers, and vice versa. Information was also asymmetrical on prices and product quality. The ECX disseminates information on products grades and prices and facilitates the coordination of buyers and sellers as well as the enforcement of contracts. All farmers in the country, including smallholder farmer cooperatives representing 2.4 million of farmers, are members of the ECX. They have access to price information, which is provided through a call center. Addressing the information asymmetry about the prices of crops in different markets has allowed farmers to have more marketing options and more bargaining power, and to increase their income by 10 to 30 percent. 45 Other potential contributions of ICTs in agricultural productivity improvement include the traceability of food and animals, which is important for participating in global value chains. Traceability entails displaying the lot number and the production facility name on each case of the product and recording this information on invoices and bills of lading. Data can be recorded and transmitted via different ICT platforms. 46 Recently an application that monitors cattle and provides valuable information, called iCow, was launched in Kenya. A related application is vetAfrica, which provides veterinary information. In addition, common information systems platforms linking all stakeholders are being set up in several countries as a way to share information and decrease maintenance costs. One example is Kenyas M-Kilimo, which comprises a database containing farmers information (land size, crop, language, etc.). Farmers can call to report problems and ask questions. Specific responses are tailored to the farmer whose information is already available in the system. Government extension services also use this system to provide farmers with customized solutions. Another recent scientific and technological innovation in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering is having a profound impact on global agriculture. Below the potential of this technology for transforming African agriculture is considered. Opportunities and challenges of genetically modified (GM) crops The adoption of GM crops in Africa remains limited. In 2014, the AfDB and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) published a report titled GM Agricultural Technologies for Africa: A State of Affairs. 47 The study examined the current status, issues, constraints, and opportunities presented by GM technologies in Africa. It noted that, although the use of GM crops is increasing in other developing countries, its adoption is very limited in Africa: only four countries (Burkina Faso, Egypt, South Africa, and Sudan) are currently farming some GM crops (cotton and maize). Some other countriessuch as Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Ugandaare piloting a variety of GM crops (banana, cassava, cowpeas, etc.). With the continents rapid population growth and the intensification of the effects of climate change on weather patterns, high-yield GM crops that are resistant to weather shocks represent an opportunity for Africa to address food insecurity. A majority of scientists argue that GM crops are safe to consume, and they also reduce insecticide use, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil-damaging tillage while enhancing farmers income and farm production without increasing the cultivated area. 48 A meta-analysis of 147 impact studies found that the adoption of GM crops (soybean, maize, and cotton) has, on average, reduced chemical pesticide use by 37, increased crop yields by 22, and increased farmer profits by 68. 49 A recent survey of members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science found that 89 percent of scientists argue that GM crops are safe to eat. 50 Despite the positive effects, there is still a debate on the safety of GM foods and a resistance to GM crops, especially from Europe. This debate has influenced perceptions in Africa and given way to extensive misinformation. For instance, in the midst of a famine in 2002, Zambia refused food aid that contained GM crops based on precautionary principles. 51 The positive benefits of GM crops do not mean, however, that they are a panacea for food security in the world. Food security depends not only on production output but also on distribution and availability at the right price. Moreover, yields of GM crops depend on farming conditions, and their benefits may not outweigh their costs under poor conditions. Other farming practices may increase yields as much as GM crops do. Another worry is that the seeds are controlled by a small number of multinationals, which means that farmers will always be dependent on purchased seeds. Adverse consequences of GM crops on biodiversity and gene flow need further research. 52 The 2014 AfDB-IFPRI report highlights the conditions necessary to increase Africas adoption of GM crops. 53 These conditions include increased funding for research and development to enhance biotechnology capacity and genetic modification. Regulatory systems also need to boost their capacity to inform decision makers. More outreach and better communication will ensure that Africans are well informed about the risks and benefits of GM crops. The next section explores how land reforms can address the issue of land access and distribution in Africa to improve agricultural productivity. Land reform for higher productivity and inclusion Africa has the highest area of arable uncultivated land (202 million hectares) in the world, yet most farms occupy less than 2 hectares. 54 This situation is a result of poor land governance and ownership that is based mostly on customary laws, which together have resulted in unequal distribution of land and uncertainty of tenure. With the introduction of land markets, land inequality and landlessness are growing in some countries, such as Cte dIvoire, Kenya, and Liberia, and in the Southern African region. From the 1998 household survey for Cte dIvoire, it is estimated that 5.56 percent of women own land versus 7.14 percent of men, and large land surfaces are concentrated in the hands of public employees. 55 The customary laws that often prevent women from ownership are a constraint to inclusive growth. Byamugisha sees land reforms as a pathway to shared prosperity in Africa. 56 Land reforms that clearly define property rights, ensure the security of land tenure, and enable land to be used as collateral and to be allocated more efficiently will be necessary in many African countries. Land allocation under customary laws often lacks the security of tenure and prevents owners from using their assets as collateral to access finance for purchasing inputs. Moreover, highly productive farmers may lack sufficient land to expand their production. Depending on the country, land reforms have to address access to land and distribution of land. Some countries, such as Cameroon, are using GIS systems to first register land before implementing redistribution mechanisms. The reforms should also ensure some form of tenure security that allows farmers to leverage their assets. Land reforms in African countries where colonial systems have resulted in high levels of inequality have succeeded to varying degrees. In some countries, mostly in Southern Africa, colonial systems expropriated large portions of land from the majority of the population for the benefit of a minority. Most of these countries undertook land reforms to redistribute land and address inequality, but failed. Zimbabwe tried land expropriation from white farmers to redistribute the land to black farmers. This has largely failed because the reforms transformed the country from a food basket and exporter to a food importer. The South African reforms that attempted to avoid those mistakes through a market-based and negotiated approach have, so far, failed to redistribute large areas of land as a result of an inefficient system and insufficient implementation of land transfer, which has left the country with high levels of land inequality and, according to the government, 50 percent of land transfer projects have failed. 57 Using a similar market approach, Namibia has been more successful in reallocating land. Over the last two decades, 8 percent of agricultural land has been transferred to black farmers in South Africa, while Namibia has reallocated 27 percent of its farm land. 58 One big difference in the two systems is that Namibia does not recognize ancestral land rights, and the state has the right of first refusal in any land sale in the country. Byamugisha holds out the land reforms in Malawi as a model of success for other countries to emulate. 59 The model is based on voluntary redistribution of large corporate estates to poor farmer groups with community-based land rights. The farmer groups are provided with funds to buy agricultural inputs in order to use their newly acquired land or diversify their production. The process has, thus far, helped 15,000 households, representing about 0.5 percent of total households, to gain land ownership. However, this success has yet to eliminate land misallocation in the country. Land redistribution policies should, however, not prevent market mechanisms from supporting the development of commercial large-scale farming. Adamopoulos and Restuccia found that the 1988 land reform in the Philippines, which imposed a ceiling on land holdings and restricted the transfer of distributed land, reduced farm size by 34 percent, and led to a decrease in agricultural productivity by 17 percent. 60 The effect of land misallocation is also found in Malawi. Restuccia and Santaeulalia-Llopis use micro data from the Malawi Integrated Survey on Agriculture collected by the World Bank in 201011 to study the link between land allocation and farm productivity. 61 They found that farm size was unrelated to farm productivity and capital, implying a misallocation of land. Overall, 78.3 percent of farmers in Malawi operate on less than 1 hectare and only 0.3 percent of the farms are larger than 5 hectares. The average plot size is 0.83 hectares. Land markets are practically nonexistent in the country, and most of the land is transferred through customary rights. This customary-based ownership and transfer system creates a misallocation of land, preventing more productive farmers from acquiring larger plots. An efficient redistribution of farm land would increase aggregate productivity by a factor of 3.6. This very large increase calls for the establishment of a land market in Malawi. Going forward, it will be crucial to harness the complementarity between smallholder and large-scale farming to reduce the overreliance on smallholders and expand much-needed commercial large-scale farming. Although a fringe of the latter offers mixed results about the complementarity between large-scale farming and smallholders, recent analyses suggest that there is room to harness such complementarity whereby large-scale farming can achieve better productivity. 62 Successful transformation of agriculture will require a recognition that, as stated by Collier and Dercon, smallholders are heterogeneous in potential and there is scope for large scale farmers as commercial enterprises, often in interaction with smaller scale farmers using institutional frameworks that encourage vertical integration and scale economies in processing and marketing. 63 If well regulated, large-scale farming could have positive spillover effects on smallholders including job creation, income generation, and the transfer of knowledge and know-how. The out-grower scheme model, where smallholder farmers supply products for a larger firm under pre-agreed mutually beneficial conditions, could be a potential mechanism to ensure such mutual benefits. This complementarity will be explored in the context of value chains, discussed in the next section. Enhancing the integration into agricultural value chains (AVCs) Increased globalization has created both challenges and opportunities for Africas agriculture these notably arise from the continents greater integration into AVCs. Thanks to globalization, African products can now reach larger markets. However, to take advantage of this potential, African farmers need to deliver higher-quality products at competitive prices and integrate international distribution channels by satisfying the norms and standards set out by their trading partners. 64 This is a serious challenge for smallholder farmers, who supply up to 80 percent of the food in sub-Saharan Africa, 65 but who need to enhance their capacity to meet international standards. Greater integration into AVCs is expected to boost benefits to small-scale farmers and facilitate the creation of agribusinesses for increased value addition in exported goods. The participation of small-scale farmers in AVCs will enable them to harness the interdependence among the different actors in the value chain, namely the suppliers of inputs and seeds, the farmers, the businesses providing technical support for the farmers such as agricultural machinery, the financiers, the wholesale producers of farm products, the processors, and associated sellers. 66 Consequently, participation in AVCs will facilitate small-scale farmers access to inputs, financing, and end-markets at the local, national, regional, and international levels, thereby enabling them to have a greater voice in the value chain and enhancing their economic returns. This will, in turn, facilitate the creation of modern integrated agribusiness value chain economies based on specialization. 67 Participation in such AVCs will enable firms to move up into higher-value activities, capture a greater share of value in global markets, and thus enhance the sectors competitiveness. 68 The discussion that follows will explore the potential of value chains to enhance Africas agricultural competitiveness. It reviews Africas global positioning as well as its potential integration into the global AVCs, which are both necessary for creating a conducive environment. The AfDB has made significant efforts to enhance the continents integration into AVCs, as discussed later in this chapter. Africas positioning and potential within global and regional value chains Even though Africas integration within global AVCs is limited, it offers scope for greater integration within the traditional cash-crop production chain. Africas general participation in regional and global value chain trade is discussed elsewhere in this Report (see Chapter 2.3 ). Participation in AVCs is even more challenging because international norms and standards keep evolving and are difficult to satisfy. Africa is a large global supplier of traditional cash crops (coffee, cotton, cocoa, sugar, tea, and tobacco) as raw material, which accounts for about 50 percent of Africas total agricultural exports. 69 These tend to be producer-driven chains with limited scope for functional upgrading, given the tight control by lead producers with higher-value activitiessuch as processing and manufacturingthat are carried out outside Africa. 70 Nonetheless, some scope exists for product differentiation and quality upgrading within the cash-crop production chains. In fact, product differentiation presents various opportunities for increasing agricultural income from cash crops, through branding and grading specialty coffee and establishing grading systems, for example, as well as by segregating different qualities for export. 71 The production of non-traditional crops, however, offers more scope for greater integration within the global AVCs. African economies have progressively diversified from the traditional cash crops and are increasingly engaged in the production and global sale of crops such as fruits, vegetables, fish, and flowers that belong to buyer-driven value chains. This has, in part, been the result of the proliferation of supermarkets seeking to consolidate their supply networks in order to exert more control over production processes. 72 Indeed, with Africas greater urbanization and growing middle class, rising consumption creates more demand for local products. 73 Functional upgrading can occur in such value chains as retailers seek ready-to-sell products more and more, thereby advancing processing and packaging activities further along the value chain. 74 Regional value chains offer great promise in facilitating the integration of Africas agriculture into global value chains and need to be supported. Meeting the standards required for integrating into global value chains will be a gradual process for Africas agriculture exporters. In the interim, gains can be made from integrating into regional value chains. Indeed, the agriculture sectors of some African countriesespecially Kenya and South Africa, which are major regional exporters of processed foodare increasingly being integrated into regional value chains. For instance, the Kenya fresh vegetable (especially green beans) and dairy export industries grew considerably in size and value-added in the 2000s and are now leading producers in Africa. This success is the result of the sound implementation of new processes and operations by private Kenyan businesses, as well as the support of the public sector. Given the nature of the smallholder-based agriculture in Africa, support will need to be provided to small-scale farmers to be better organized so as to enhance their productivity and ensure the timely off-take of produce from farm to markets. Indeed, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) underlines the need to support small-scale producers through national and regional cooperatives or other farmer organizations in order to facilitate their access to inputs, financial services, and markets and to enable them to defend their interests in the value chain. 75 Five keys to a conducive environment for greater AVC integration This section presents five keys to creating an environment conducive to fostering greater AVC integration. First, the need to address poor domestic productive capacity and infrastructure in order to enhance Africas effective participation in value chains cannot be overemphasized. Africa is endowed with vast resources, but its low domestic productive capacity and poor infrastructure, as well as a focus on low-value-added activities, are holding back the continents effective participation in value chains. Indeed, Africas considerable endowments in natural resources and its competitive wages, as well as the significant potential of domestic and regional markets, have been well documented. 76 However, domestic productive capacity, in the form of skills and capital to produce on a large scale and meet required standards, is limited. The performance of the agriculture sector is also hampered by inadequate infrastructure, including unreliable energy, an ineffective urban-rural road network, inefficient ports, and a business and regulatory environment that overall is not conducive to doing business in agriculture make trade more costly. For instance, Bah and Fang show that, on average, Africas firms lose 25 percent of their output as a result of the poor business environment. 77 A 2009 report by the US international trade commission also shows that poor infrastructure (especially land and maritime transport and energy) is putting African exporters at a competitive disadvantage by increasing costs and compromising the quality of exports. 78 Addressing these shortcomings will be crucial for Africas beneficial participation in AVCs. Second, farmers need to be provided with appropriate financing schemes so they can make necessary investments and meet required standards for integration into global value chains. Limited access to finance hinders local farmers from undertaking the requisite investments to increase productive capacity and meet the quality requirements of integration into both regional and global value chains. 79 Aforementioned efforts at land reform, enabling farmers to have security of tenure, will need to be complemented by efforts to ensure that farmers are well organized through cooperatives, farmers unions, and associations to enhance their bargaining power, allowing them to obtain better financing terms. Improved organizational capacity on the part of farmers will also enable them to cooperate in working to meet the standards required for integration of value chains. Better access to financial facilities will need to be complemented by financial literacy training to avoid the over-indebtedness that accompanied the green revolution in Asia. Third, efforts should be made to encourage the connection of small-scale farmers with large commercial farmers through mutually beneficial contract farming (also called out-grower schemes ), thus enhancing the sectors inclusiveness. As large-scale farmers become better connected with AVCs, agribusiness initiatives will increasingly seek value additions to agriculture products and there will be a reduction in the export of raw material. In supporting these agribusiness initiatives, special attention should be given to out-grower schemes because they not only assist farmers to meet required production standards within the global value chain, but they also guarantee supply to leading firms. Contract farming usually involves a large agribusiness firm entering into contract with smallholder farmers, providing farmers with inputs on credit and extension in return for a guaranteed delivery of products. 80 Box 3 discusses the AfDBs role in supporting the transformation of Africas agriculture for inclusive growth. It provides some examples of inclusive AfDB projects in the agribusiness sector, including through private equity. Box 3: The AfDBs role in supporting the transformation of Africas agriculture for inclusive growth The AfDB Group has a long experience, going back to the late 1990s, of supporting African countries in developing their agriculture sectors. The AfDB views agriculture as key to the socioeconomic development of the continent. Between 2006 and 2014, the AfDB committed 198 operations in agriculture and agribusiness, amounting to a total of US6.33 billion. Prior to 2000, the AfDB endorsed the Integrated Rural Development approach to agriculture. In 2000, the AfDB adopted a new strategic framework embodied in the Agriculture and Rural Development Policy, which focused on addressing the critical bottlenecks of agricultural development, namely: high population growth rates, the poor state of infrastructure, declining trends in agricultural prices, persistent political instability, reliance on rain-fed agriculture, high post-harvest losses, the complex land tenure system, limited human and institutional capacity, and inaccessibility to credit. From 2010, the AfDBs operations in agriculture were guided by its Agriculture Sector Strategy (AgSS), covering the period 201014, with its principal objective being to guide the AfDBs operations to contribute to greater agricultural productivity, food security, and poverty reduction. Below are two examples of inclusive agribusiness projects supported by the AfDB. The Maryland Oil Palm Plantation Project (MOPP) is a US203 million agribusiness project. The AfDB approved US20 million for this project in 2013. MOPP entailed a 15,000 hectare greenfield palm oil plantation and milling project in Liberia. The nucleus plantation constituted 9,000 hectares, while 6,000 hectares were to be cultivated by local farmers in an out-grower scheme involving 600 farmers. These farmers are expected to receive financing for their inputs from MOPP, which they will repay once their product is sold. Access to modern inputs such as improved seed varieties and fertilizers, extension services, and access to finance is expected to improve the livelihood of these farmers. Approved by the AfDB in 2009, Agri-Vie is a US100 million private equity fund focusing on small - and medium-sized enterprises in the agribusiness and food sectors. The fund closed in 2010 with 65 percent of the commitments coming from development finance institutions and the rest from the private sector (life insurance, foundations). Agri-Vie has a proactive and collaborative relationship with investees and provides training and technology transfer to out-grower farmers. In terms of results, Agri-Vie has a continuous focus on driving selected impacts per investee in the following sectors: governance (reporting, policies, and controls), workers (employment, training, and development), and community relations and environment (environmental management practices). In terms of development outcomes, by the end of 2012, Agri-Vie Fund had impacted more than 890 small - and medium-sized enterprises, 2,900 farmers, and 312 non-farmer micro-enterprises. One of the feedbacks from the managers of Agri-Vie Fund is that investment in African food and agribusiness remains robust, which is an encouraging sign. Going forward, the new AfDB Agriculture Sector Strategy (AgSS) (20152019) will seek to build on previous AfDB work in agriculture by bringing the agriculture sector and agribusiness to the front of Africas structural transformation agenda. The AfDBs interventions within the framework of the AgSS for 201519 will be guided by two pillars: (1) agricultural infrastructure and (2) natural resource management. 3-1 The AgSS will embrace a value-chain approach and support innovative technologies to foster the development of value chains within the agriculture sector and its commercialization. It will promote agricultural commodity exchanges and improve access to finance for agricultural small - and medium-sized enterprises. It will also help to improve capacity building by providing specific vocational training to farmers and agricultural product dealers, for example. It will leverage mobile information services, allowing farmers to collect valuable data. It will promote best practices for investments in land, ensuring that private investments benefit rural communities. It will also pay greater attention to increasing gender mainstreaming in the AfDBs operations and programs. 3-2 The key features of the AgSS for 201519 are highlighted below. Infrastructure in agriculture: Supporting regional member countries to develop their infrastructure systems in the agriculture sector, including improving rural infrastructure, rural electrification, irrigation, water management, and leveraging information technology systems for agriculture development Agribusiness and innovation: Supporting the development of agribusiness and innovation, which includes commercializing agriculture by developing the agro-industry and value chains implementing measures to enhance agricultural trade, including promoting commodity exchange markets in the agriculture sector and developing low-cost technologies for primary processing that retains essential nutrients and Resilience and natural resource management: Promoting resilience and the sustainable management of natural resources, including managing the environmental impact of agriculture activities. Sources: AfDB, 2010 AfDB 2015, forthcoming. Compiled from the AfDB investment portfolio. Fourth, ICTs play a key role in fostering greater integration into value chains. As noted earlier, ICTs can reduce information asymmetry and improve market efficiencies throughout the different phases of the production process as well as in the post-harvest period. These information asymmetries extend beyond the local market into regional and global markets. ICTs can be employed to improve the marketing of agricultural products into regional and global markets, while at the same time being used to receive market information in a timely manner. Last, state intervention is crucial in supporting greater value chain integration. In the majority of poor development outcomes, coordination failure is one of the main culprits. As previously discussed, better integration into AVCs can be attained by organizing smallholder farmers in cooperatives and groups. African governments can play a vital role in facilitating the formation of those networks. Services can be leveraged for this purpose and provide information on how to better integrate AVCs. Governments should also invest more in infrastructure to improve the business climate, as its current state represents a significant competitive disadvantage for African exporters. International organizations can also help to correct coordination failures by bringing different stakeholders together and by boosting inclusive investments in the agriculture sector (see Box 4). Box 4: Grow Africas approach to developing responsible, sustainable, and inclusive private-sector investment Since its inception in 2011, Grow Africaa partnership platform created to catalyze investment and growth in African agriculture, founded by the African Union Commission, the NEPAD Agency, and the World Economic Forumhas established itself as a trusted platform for increasing responsible, sustainable, and inclusive private-sector investment in Africas agriculture. The network collectively works to ensure that investment commitments made by international and domestic companies in partnership with national governments are converted into investment on the ground. These investments are expected to increase farmers income and create local jobs. One of the most important aspects of the Grow Africa Secretariats work is using its convening power at the highest levels to support the development of strong, effective multi-stakeholder structures to enable the public and private sectors to work together to drive investments forward. The creation of a better coordination between private-sector agricultural companies and the public sector is a significant step toward accelerating the execution of investment commitments and bringing them to scale. Better coordination and alignment is required among different private-sector players, agribusinesses, and smallholder suppliers. Grow Africa is active in exploring, incubating, and disseminating best practice in innovative models for ensuring sustainable supply chains involving smallholder farmers. Agricultural corridors and agri-processing zones that coordinate investments into geographically targeted value-chain clusters can significantly speed up the implementation time for the individual investments within these geographic areas. To further these efforts and locate them on the global stage, in 2015, the World Economic Forum is introducing a Global Challenge Initiative on Agriculture and Food Securityone of ten institutional initiatives addressing major issues of global concern. 4-1 The initiative builds on the work of the New Vision for Agriculture, 4-2 and is intended to strengthen leadership commitment and catalyze country-led action partnerships, such as Grow Africa. Source: Grow Africa Secretariat. Recommendations and conclusions This chapter recalls the main factors that make agriculture in Africa one of the least productive globally while the rest of the world, particularly Asia, greatly benefited from the green revolution. The chapter also discusses the ingredients needed for a more competitive agriculture sector that will lead to faster structural transformation processes across Africa. Agriculture remains an important source of income for the majority of Africans and represents a large share of economic output in most countries in the continent. The sector consists primarily of small-scale farmers who cultivate a large variety of low-yield crops on small plots of non-irrigated land, using a minimal amount of fertilizers and pesticides. These characteristics make the sector very unproductive, leading to food insecurity and large imports of staple foods. The continent has not benefited from the green revolution that started in the 1960s, and that essentially focused on Asia and Latin America. The African continent was left behind for several reasons: (1) the development of high-yield crops focused on irrigated rice and maize, crops not very suited for African soils and ecological systems (2) market failures and infrastructure deficits have constrained the availability and access to productivity-enhancing inputs as well as the commercialization of agricultural production in Africa and (3) policy and institutional factors, characterized by the inefficient involvement of governments that resulted in distorted prices of both agricultural inputs and outputs as well as in low levels of technological innovation and adoption. In contrast to Africa, Asian governments have been heavily involved in the drive to revolutionize their agriculture sectors. In order to foster Africas green revolution, it is essential to address the factors above and simultaneously take into account the specificities of African conditions, including the continents variety of soils and appropriate crops. This will involve increased international and national research to develop and promote high-yield crops suitable for Africa. While international research efforts have greatly increased in recent years, national governments are failing to reach their target of devoting 10 percent of national spending to agriculture as agreed under the terms of the NEPAD-CAADP. Increased national spending should support better water management to intensify irrigation, reduce the continents dependence on rain-fed agriculture, and increase resilience to climate change. Moreover, governments need to put in a place a sound regulatory and institutional framework to minimize distortions and take advantage of new opportunities provided by the development of science and technology. Innovations in ICTs have several agricultural applications involving different stakeholders at different stages in the production cycle. Diffusion of market information, production knowledge, and geographical information are among the top applications that are being increasingly used in Africa but whose usage could be further enhanced. Since the large majority of scientists believe that GM crops are safe to eat, the technology has the potential to revolutionize Africas agriculture. Improved yield and resistance to pests can increase farmers income. However, skills in biotechnology are needed for a wide-scale adoption across the continent, as well as regulatory systems that ensure health and environmental safety and provide accurate information to farmers and customers. Taking full advantage of these technologies will require a number of countries to improve their land governance systems. Land access based on customary rights that disadvantage women, unequal distribution, and the absence of land markets are preventing the most efficient farmers from the opportunity to increase their production scale. Moreover, insecure land tenure limits farmers ability to use their land as collateral and thus to access credit markets. Land reforms accompanied with the development of financial instruments suited to the agricultural production cycle will improve the adoption of technology and expand the use of intermediate inputs. Finally the chapter acknowledges the potential of Africas agriculture and proposes mechanisms by which it can benefit from integration with regional and global markets. Indeed, integration in AVCs will help small-scale farmers adopt better production processes and garner higher prices for their produce. It also provides them with the opportunity to be linked with large-scale agribusinesses and diversify to higher-value crops, such as fruits, vegetables, fish, and flowers. However, meeting the high-quality standards in world markets is not easy, particularly for small-scale farmers. Thus regional AVCs can provide a stepping-stone that allows farmers to improve their production and marketing processes. This requires small-scale farmers to be better organized, for example in farmers organizations, and to link up with large-scale agribusinesses through out-grower schemes that establish production contracts between agribusinesses and small-scale farmers. Indeed, this has been promoted by the AfDB as a way to enhance inclusiveness as the sector increases the share of large-scale commercial farming. 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Nedbank, PSG Online, dan Sanlam iTrade semua menawarkan aplikasi registrasi online yang bagus. Temukan Nedbank8217 di sini, PSG8217 di tautan ini. Dan Sanlam iTrade8217s di sini. Cara Mendanai Rekening Broker Anda Setelah membuka rekening trading Anda, broker Anda akan memberi Anda rincian banknya sehingga Anda dapat mendanai akun Anda dan mulai membeli saham. Cara yang paling efisien untuk melakukannya adalah melalui wire transfer. Jika Anda belum mengirim kawat internasional sebelumnya, saya sarankan agar Anda membawa rincian bank broker Anda ke cabang bank lokal Anda dan mintalah mereka untuk memandu Anda melalui proses ini. Mereka akan memastikan bahwa dana Anda tiba dengan aman. Perhatikan bahwa sebagian besar bank AS mengenakan biaya sekitar 25 untuk kabel internasional keluar. Membuat Perdagangan Proses pembuatan perdagangan yang sebenarnya bervariasi bergantung pada broker yang Anda gunakan, tapi dari apa yang saya lihat, platform perdagangan mereka terlihat cukup intuitif. Anda cukup membeli dan menjual saham dengan cara yang sama seperti melalui ETrade atau TDAmeritrade account. Mengumpulkan Dividen Menurut pengalaman saya, mengumpulkan dividen yang dibayarkan oleh saham Afrika Selatan Anda adalah sepotong kue. Jika Anda membeli saham melalui broker online, dividen Anda akan langsung dimasukkan ke akun trading Anda. Anda kemudian dapat memutuskan apakah akan membawa uang kembali ke rumah atau menginvestasikannya kembali ke pasar. Jelas seperti Lumpur Apakah Anda memiliki pertanyaan tentang investasi di Bursa Efek Johannesburg yang telah kita bahas di sini Jika demikian, mari kita lihat di komentar Terkait Bacaan I8217m seorang profesional muda yang ingin memulai investasi di pasar saham. Seorang kolega telah memberi tahu saya tentang satrix dan mereka menawarkan risiko minimum bagi investor. Apakah aman di zaman sekarang ini dengan ekonomi kita yang sangat lemah untuk mulai berinvestasi dan merupakan pilihan bagus bagi pemula seperti saya. Rekan Anda mengarahkan Anda ke arah yang benar, menurut pandangan saya. Satrix menawarkan sejumlah ETF dan unit trust yang membantu diversifikasi risiko Anda sekaligus menjaga biaya tetap rendah. Tidak banyak berita ekonomi besar yang keluar dari Afrika Selatan akhir-akhir ini, tapi penting untuk melihat jangka panjang. Saya menyarankan agar Anda menginvestasikan jumlah tetapkan kecil secara berkala (bulanan atau kuartalan) dalam kepercayaan unit yang terdiversifikasi saat Anda membuat kaki Anda basah. Satrix menawarkan dua trust unit yang terdiversifikasi dengan baik yang mungkin Anda pertimbangkan (satrix. co. zaproductsunittrusts. aspx). The Balanced Index Fund beragam di saham-saham Afrika Selatan, saham asing, obligasi, dan properti. MSCI World Equity Index berinvestasi di perusahaan terbesar di dunia, termasuk Apple, Exxon, Google, dan Microsoft dan hanya memiliki sedikit keterpaparan pada ekonomi Afrika Selatan. Semoga ini bisa membantu dan membuat kita tetap memperhatikan bagaimana keadaan bagi Anda Ryan Ryan Saya punya pertanyaan untuk ditanyakan. Mungkinkah saat berinvestasi di BEJ bahwa seseorang dapat dibayar dari suku bunga investasi bulanan Ryan Hoover mengatakan pertanyaan bagus. Ya, ada beberapa dana yang membayar pendistribusian bulanan kepada investor mereka. Anda dapat menemukan daftar beberapa dari mereka di artikel ini: Selamat berinvestasi Ryan Saya memiliki beberapa saham Afrika Selatan, terdaftar di BEJ, sertifikat dikeluarkan di Afrika Selatan, dapatkah saya menukarkannya melalui broker Kanada? Mereka, tapi saya menduga jawabannya akan menjadi 8220no8221 atau hanya dengan biaya yang sangat besar. Terima kasih. Saham yang dimaksud tercatat di bursa NY. Apakah itu membuat perbedaan Itu mungkin akan mempermudah, dan itu pasti layak untuk ditelepon mereka. Anda mungkin juga memeriksa dengan broker AS, tapi saya kira mungkin Anda perlu bekerja melalui broker Afrika Selatan. Jaga agar kami teruskan tentang bagaimana segala hal berjalan Apa kualifikasi keuangan yang Anda miliki Alasan mengapa saya menjawab adalah bahwa Anda menjawab semua pertanyaan dengan benar. Kirimkan saya email Anda yang saya pikir berkomunikasi dengan Anda akan sangat membantu dalam perjalanan saya untuk berinvestasi. Saat ini saya sedang melakukan penelitian tentang investasi dan berpikir bahwa sebagai pemula, kita harus mulai dengan investasi kolektif seperti ETFS atau Unit Trust untuk sejumlah kecil uang sebelum berurusan dengan saham biasa. Menantikan kerja sama Anda. Dee wright mengatakan Jika Anda memiliki saham di perusahaan yang perusahaannya deregister. Bisakah Anda memberi tahu apa yang terjadi dengan uang yang Anda investasikan di perusahaan. Can u pls merekomendasikan baik perdagangan saham pelatih saya dapat menemukan sekitar durban, terpercaya one. really ingin melakukan perdagangan hari Terima kasih atas pertanyaan Anda, Ndumiso. Saya tidak menyarankan perdagangan hari. Ini berisiko tinggi dan stres tinggi. Sangat mirip perjudian. Peluang Anda menghasilkan uang dalam saham adalah yang terbaik bila Anda berfokus pada dasar-dasar bisnis yang mendasarinya. Anggap diri Anda sebagai pemilik, dan belilah bisnis yang menguntungkan, dengan hutang rendah, dan itu mudah dimengerti. Kemudian berpegang pada saham dan biarkan bisnis bekerja untuk Anda. Semua yang terbaik Ryan Ryan, terima kasih banyak untuk posting saya bertanya-tanya bagaimana membuat investasi seperti Obligasi dan CD8217s (jika tersedia) dengan FI8217 berbeda di Afrika8230 Apakah ada institusi yang secara khusus Anda rekomendasikan Apakah ada pialang yang dapat Anda rekomendasikan. Apakah prosesnya sama seperti di sini di AS. Misalnya, kita bisa masuk ke B A (tanpa broker) dan membuka CD atau Bond. Terima kasih banyak atas infonya. Saya menemukan info sementara saya melakukan penelitian tentang investasi saham. Saya ingin mengetahui apakah seseorang memutuskan untuk membuka rekening dengan pialang saham Nedbank, apakah orang memiliki pilihan untuk membeli saham seperti Calgro M3 Maksud saya, apakah hanya membatasi Anda hanya untuk unit trust? Ya, Anda dapat membeli saham Calgro M3 (salah satu saham favorit saya di Afrika Selatan, btw) atau perusahaan lain yang tercatat di BEJ melalui broker seperti Nedbank. Mereka tidak akan membatasi Anda untuk unit trust. Pertanyaan bagus dan selamat berinvestasi Ryan Terima kasih banyak, Ryan. Satu lagi, saya memiliki kepercayaan unit yang saya lacak setiap hari. Suatu hari naik dengan R5 atau lebih. Keesokan harinya lebih rendah. Saya gagal memahami bagaimana cara kerjanya. Katakanlah saya ingin menjual unit saya, apakah mereka datang dengan harga tertentu yang tidak saya ketahui atau saya akan mencairkan saldo yang saya lihat setiap hari saya menyukai situs Anda, Ry. Pertanyaan bagus lainnya, Brenda. Terima kasih Unit trust adalah kumpulan saham dari berbagai perusahaan. Setiap hari bursa saham terbuka, orang membeli dan menjual saham tersebut. Jika berita tentang perusahaan tertentu bagus, harga sahamnya biasanya akan naik karena investor percaya bahwa perusahaan lebih berharga dari perkiraan semula. Dan, jika berita itu buruk, harga saham biasanya akan turun. Ini mirip dengan memiliki seekor sapi atau kuda. Jika tetangga Anda melihat bahwa sapi Anda menjadi sangat kuat, sehat, dan menghasilkan banyak susu, dia mungkin akan bersedia membayar lebih untuk itu. Jika, bagaimanapun, dia melihat bahwa sapi itu menjadi sakit atau kurus, dia tidak akan mau membayar banyak. Kepercayaan unit seperti kawanan sapi. Masing-masing individu sapi (atau berbagi) memiliki nilainya sendiri. Untuk menentukan nilai seluruh kawanan (atau unit trust), Anda menjumlahkan nilai semua individu sapi dalam kelompok. Dan karena perubahan nilai kandang sapi1717 (shares8217) setiap hari, begitu pula nilai seluruh kawanan (atau unit trust). Jadi, ketika Anda menjual unit Anda, Anda akan menjual dengan harga yang diyakini oleh investor sebagai dasar kepercayaan unit Anda layak dilakukan pada hari itu. Menjadi orang Prancis dan tinggal di Afrika Selatan, saya bertanya-tanya tentang dua hal. 1. Mungkinkah memiliki akun saham atau melakukan pengumpulan saham online yang terkait dengan akun bisnis. Idenya adalah memiliki saham melalui perusahaan konsultan saya. Cara menginvestasikan keuntungan perusahaan saya. 2. Mungkinkah melalui broker yang direkomendasikan untuk memiliki saham di pasar lain. Cina, Nigeria, Ghana, Perancis, Amerika Serikat. Terima kasih banyak atas jawaban Anda Hi Ryan, pada daftar persyaratan doc Anda untuk membuka sebuah akun, salah satunya mengatakan, surat yang ditandatangani untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang tidak terdaftar dengan SARS untuk pajak8217 8230. Saya tidak mengerti apa yang akan terjadi jika seseorang Saya memiliki tax ref no 038 yang terdaftar. Artikel ini ditulis dari perspektif orang non-Afrika Selatan. Jika Anda orang Afrika Selatan dan terdaftar di SARS, Anda hanya perlu menyediakan broker dengan nomor pajak Anda jika diminta. Xforex adalah program untuk spekulasi pergerakan mata uang. Ini melibatkan risiko tinggi dan saya tidak menyarankan untuk memasukkannya ke dalam pendekatan investasi Anda. Jauh lebih baik berinvestasi di saham perusahaan besar dengan harga yang wajar dan menahan mereka untuk jangka panjang. Semoga ini bisa membantu dan membahagiakan investasi Ryan. Saya sangat menghargai bantuan Anda sebagai berikut. Saya membeli saham kepemilikan proteas pada tahun 1973, saya kehilangan sertifikat dan setelah beberapa langkah rumah saya menemukannya lagi. Saya ingin tahu bagaimana cara mengambil cek dividen saya selama bertahun-tahun dan juga bagaimana menjual pegangan saya. Terima kasih atas antisipasi. Tepuk tangan. Alan That8217s tangguh. Seperti yang saya mengerti, Protea Holdings diakuisisi oleh Grup Malbak pada pertengahan 1980an. Malbak akhirnya diakuisisi oleh Nampak sekitar sepuluh tahun yang lalu. Banyak berbagi unbundling terjadi di sepanjang jalan. Sumber terbaik Anda untuk melacak nilai saham Anda dan dividen karena Anda akan menjadi pialang saham lokal. Anda dapat mencoba salah satu broker yang tercantum dalam artikel di atas atau memilih salah satu dari daftar ini. Jika Anda tidak dapat menemukan broker yang bersedia membantu, Anda bisa menghubungi panitera saham Nampak8217s. Rinciannya adalah: Computershare Investor Services (Pty) Ltd 70 Marshall Street Johannesburg 2001, Afrika Selatan (PO Box 61051, Marshalltown 2107) Telepon 27 11 370 5000 Telefax: 27 11 370 5487 Hope this helps and please let me know how things work out Hai Ryan, terima kasih atas saran anda Saya akan memberitahu Anda tentang hasilnya. Tepuk tangan. Alan Ryan Hoover mengatakan Terima kasih atas pertanyaan dan ucapan selamat atas apa yang saya kira adalah pensiun Anda Sewaktu Anda merencanakan langkah selanjutnya, pertama Anda harus jelas mengenai biaya hidup rata-rata bulanan Anda. Artikel berikut dapat membantu Anda dengan itu. Bila Anda tahu berapa banyak yang Anda habiskan di bulan rata-rata sebagai pensiunan, saya akan menyisihkan 12 bulan biaya hidup di rekening tabungan di bank Anda. Uang ini harus tersedia untuk Anda dalam satu atau dua hari. Jadi, jika, misalnya, Anda menghabiskan total R10.000 bulan untuk perumahan, makanan, medis, transportasi, dan lain-lain, saya menyarankan untuk menempatkan R120, 000 dalam tabungan atau rekening giro. Selanjutnya, sisihkan uang yang akan Anda butuhkan selama 2 8211 5 tahun berikutnya dalam rekening tabungan atau CD tetap. Capitec Bank memiliki beberapa pilihan bagus di sini: capitecbank. co. zaglobal-onesaverates-and-fees. Jika biaya hidup rata-rata bulanan Anda R10.000, saya akan menempatkan R120.000 dalam rekening deposito 12 bulan, R120, 000 dalam rekening deposito 24 bulan, R120, 000 dalam rekening deposito 36 bulan, R120, 000 Dalam rekening deposito 48 bulan, dan R120, 000 dalam rekening deposito 60 bulan. Dengan dana yang tersisa setelah itu, saya menyarankan untuk berinvestasi pada dana traded exchange (ETF) yang memberikan beberapa pendapatan dividen. Inilah salah satu yang berinvestasi dalam sekeranjang saham dengan pembagian dividen paling konsisten di JSE8217: Ini akan membantu diversifikasi risiko Anda sambil tetap memberi Anda potensi kenaikan investasi di pasar saham. Saya harap ini membantu dan semua yang terbaik untuk Anda Lumela Ryan Ryan Juga ingin memulai investasi dan satu broker mengatakan bahwa biaya perangkat lunak R16 000, dan Jika saya mulai membeli saham sekitar R3000 sebagai lump sum akan berkeliling R900 per bulan yang bisa Dapat membayar hutang saya jika mengatakan bahwa saya mengambil pinjaman 8211 mengatakan kepada mereka bahwa saya tidak menginginkan pinjaman atau kredit Akan dimulai dengan jumlah sekaligus atau debit bulanan. Mohon saran karena saya ingin memulai investasi trading di BEJ-saya tidak memiliki hutang dan tidak menginginkannya. Bagaimana software ini bekerja? Tx in advance .. Ryan Hoover mengatakan Khotso, Alina Ho joang saya sangat menyarankan agar Anda tidak berbisnis dengan broker ini. Kedengarannya seperti penipuan. Tidak ada alasan bagi Anda untuk mengeluarkan uang untuk perangkat lunak untuk mulai berinvestasi, apalagi R16.000. Dan, saya akan menjadi tumpul, jika ada yang meyakinkan Anda tentang R900 per bulan dengan jumlah uang lumpuh R3000, mereka berbohong atau tidak tahu apa yang mereka bicarakan. Lari dari broker ini, Alina. Lari Jika ingin memulai investasi. Cara termurah dan paling efisien untuk melakukannya adalah dengan membuka rekening dengan salah satu broker terkemuka yang tercantum di atas. Kemudian, investasikan di ETF yang beragam secara luas, seperti Satrix 40. Ini akan memungkinkan Anda untuk mulai berinvestasi sambil menjaga risiko dan biaya rendah. Seiring berjalannya waktu dan Anda belajar lebih banyak tentang berinvestasi dalam saham, Anda bisa mulai berinvestasi di perusahaan individual. Tapi saran saya adalah jangan pernah, TIDAK PERNAH membayar untuk software 8220trading.8221 Semoga ini bisa membantu dan terimakasih atas pertanyaannya Terima kasih banyak atas infonya, toa leboha Ntate8230 plz mengklarifikasi jika Anda mengatakan bahwa joget tersebut kehilangan 11 sehingga investasi 1000 sekarang Senilai 890 setelah kehilangan 110.-sebuah contoh. Saya berpikir bahwa kerugian atau pengembalian investasi bergantung pada kinerja saham tertentu yang Anda beli dan bukan pada keseluruhan kinerja pertukaran atau lebih akurat bagaimana kinerja bursa secara keseluruhan. Yaitu dampaknya pada investasi atau saham tertentu, ya, ya, jogingnya mungkin telah hilang dari watever tapi saya masih bisa menang jika saya memilih saham yang bagus. Hop u mendapatkan drift dari question. thanks Ryan Hoover mengatakan Great pertanyaan, Mvelo. Anda benar. Ada kemungkinan saham individu dapat meningkat nilainya pada saat bersamaan dimana pasar (rata-rata) kehilangan nilainya. Ketika kita mengatakan bahwa BEJ turun 11, kita mengacu pada Indeks Saham JSE8217s, yang merupakan ukuran kinerja semua saham yang diperdagangkan di bursa. Saya telah dibakar berkali-kali. Saya sudah lelah dengan segala macam skema pembuatan uang. Dari pengalaman saya investasi yang menjanjikan jaminan pengembalian 10 atau lebih adalah penipuan. Investasi yang meminta Anda untuk membeli sesuatu di muka mereka adalah penipuan. Seperti yang meminta Anda untuk membeli perangkat lunak R18000. Anda bisa melakukan analisa fundamental dan teknis dengan situs berita gratis seperti fin24.co. za bloomberg Reuters. Bila Anda memulai sebagai investor, mintalah biaya Anda untuk menggunakan informasi gratis secara minimal di internet setelah Anda mendapatkan beberapa keuntungan yang dapat Anda investasikan dalam apa yang Ryan tawarkan seperti pramuka Saham. Orang-orang percaya saya ada banyak skema ponzi penipuan di luar sana. Terbaru menjadi kipi, upliftingsa. Org. Cukup cari co HYIP di Google anda akan mencari banyak penipuan dengan imbal hasil tinggi. Jika Anda berada di Afrika Selatan, saya sarankan menggunakan easyequities. co. za. Mirip dengan apa yang besar untuk ditawarkan bank dalam hal perdagangan saham online. Perbedaan utamanya adalah tidak ada biaya bulanan dan Anda memiliki akses ke perusahaan yang terdaftar di BEJ. Jika Anda menyukai investasi seperti saya, saya ingin membentuk semacam klub tempat kami berbagi Ide. Saya sekarang hanya fokus pada jangka panjang. E-mail saya: ndlovu2nsGmail Ryan Hoover mengatakan Banyak terima kasih untuk ini, Nhlanhla EasyEquities. co. za memang terlihat seperti pilihan biaya rendah yang bagus untuk memulai trading. Halo Ryan Seberapa cepat setelah melakukan investasi, seseorang mulai menerima dividen yang dibayarkan oleh perusahaan yang terdaftar di JSE Ryan Hoover mengatakan pertanyaan Hebat. Beberapa perusahaan membayar dividen dua kali per tahun (setiap enam bulan), beberapa hanya membayar sekali, dan beberapa tidak membayar dividen sama sekali. Setiap perusahaan memiliki jadwal yang berbeda saat mereka melakukan pembayaran. Foschini, misalnya akan melakukan pembayaran tengah tahun mereka pada hari Jumat, 8 Januari. Pembayaran terakhir mereka akan dikeluarkan sekitar enam bulan dari sekarang. Perhatikan bahwa Anda tidak dapat membeli saham Foschini hari ini dan berharap dapat menerima dividen pada hari Jumat. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, Anda harus tercatat sebagai pemegang saham kira-kira satu bulan sebelum tanggal pembayaran untuk menerima dividen. Jadi, sebelum membeli saham perusahaan, lihat bagian 8220Investor Relations8221 di situs perusahaan tersebut. Ini biasanya akan memberikan informasi mengenai kebijakan dividen perusahaan. Hope this helps and happy investment Berapa persentase seluruh populasi Afrika Selatan yang diperdagangkan di JSE Ryan Hoover mengatakan bahwa itu adalah toughie. Saya akui saya tidak tahu, tapi saya menduga itu adalah persentase yang agak kecil yang langsung bertransaksi di BEJ. Jumlah yang jauh lebih besar, bagaimanapun, memiliki eksposur ke BEJ melalui program pensiun dan tabungan. Charl Badenhorst mengatakan Hi Ryan Tampaknya Anda tidak terlalu tertarik pada perdagangan 828 hari88221. Maafkan ketidaktahuan saya karena saya hanya memiliki saham yang dikeluarkan untuk saya sebagai bagian dari paket pekerjaan saya. Ini adalah pemahaman saya bahwa jika saya berinvestasi untuk jangka panjang saya hanya bisa mendapatkan keuntungan dari pertumbuhan saham selama periode tersebut 8211 mengatakan 5 tahun. Artinya saya hanya bisa menggunakan uang yang saya hasilkan setelah 5 tahun membeli lebih banyak saham dan menunggu 5 tahun lagi agar bisa tumbuh. Saya akan membutuhkan penghasilan utama dengan beberapa uang belanja tersisa pada akhir bulan untuk terus membeli saham. Jika saya tidak memiliki uang ekstra saya tidak bisa membeli8230. Padahal hari perdagangan seharusnya (jika saya melakukannya dengan benar) menghasilkan keuntungan kecil setiap hari yang kemudian bisa saya gunakan untuk menginvestasikan 8211 selama 5 tahun atau melanjutkan perdagangan hari. I8217m Saya kehilangan poin saya akan pensiun dalam 5 tahun dan ingin terus bermain di bursa saham 8211 JSE karena saya adalah warga negara Afrika Selatan. Terima kasih untuk situs pembicaraan yang fantastis. Charl Ryan Hoover mengatakan pertanyaan bagus, Charl. Masalah dengan perdagangan sehari adalah bahwa pada suatu hari saham memiliki peluang 50-50 naik atau turun dalam nilai 8211 seperti membalik koin. Masalahnya adalah bahwa Anda harus membayar komisi kecil kepada broker Anda setiap kali Anda melakukan perdagangan. Oleh karena itu, hanya untuk impas, Anda harus benar secara signifikan lebih sering daripada Anda salah. Hanya beruntung berhasil dalam melakukan hal ini. Ini sangat mirip dengan perjalanan ke kasino. Sebaliknya, bila Anda memegang saham untuk jangka panjang, Anda bertindak lebih seperti pemilik bisnis. Jika Anda membayar harga wajar untuk saham Woolworths, misalnya, dan bisnis yang mendasarinya berkinerja baik, kemungkinan harga saham akan naik dalam beberapa bulan dan tahun mendatang menguntungkan Anda. Apalagi Anda membayar broker Anda hanya dua kali 8211 saat Anda membeli saham dan sekali lagi saat Anda menjualnya 8211 yang membuat biaya Anda tetap rendah. Harga saham terkadang naik dengan cepat ke valuasi sehingga optimis bahwa masuk akal untuk menjual saham Anda setelah menahan mereka hanya dalam beberapa bulan, namun pada umumnya orang harus mempersiapkan diri untuk memiliki saham perusahaan tertentu selama 5-10 tahun untuk memberi diri mereka peluang terbaik untuk Membuat pengembalian yang layak Dalam kasus Anda, Anda mungkin ingin mempertimbangkan untuk berinvestasi dalam saham yang membayar dividen yang konsisten. Beberapa saham yang tercatat di BEJ membayar dividen setiap dua tahun, dan jika perusahaan tersebut menguntungkan, pembayaran dividen sering meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Dividen ini dibayarkan sebagai uang tunai ke akun trading Anda agar Anda menarik atau menginvestasikan kembali saham baru sesuai keinginan Anda. Semoga ini bisa membantu dan banyak terima kasih atas pertanyaan hebatnya, Charl Hi Ryan Saya adalah seorang wanita muda yang bekerja sendiri, saya tertarik dengan bisnis bursa saham ini, masalahnya bebas hutang, saya berencana membeli rumah di I8217m mana. Prosesnya, masalahnya adalah saya menerima banyak uang sekaligus sebagai konstruksi di gedung I8217m, saya mengerjakan pekerjaan dengan tabungan saya sehingga keuntungan yang saya dapatkan 50 persen itu akhirnya saya menggunakannya dengan ceroboh. Saya ingin menginvestasikan saya mengatakan bahwa saya menghabiskan 20.000 Sebulan tanpa tabungan untuk bisnis, dimana dan bagaimana saya memulai selain bank broker yang bisa membantu dalam jangka panjang, juga saya ingin berinvestasi untuk anak saya berumur 15 tahun juga untuk jangka panjang karena saya ingin dia untuk Mulailah bisnis di 21 yrs. i tidak tahu apa-apa tentang ini please help. but situs anda sangat bagus terima kasih sebelumnya saya di S outh Africa saya dan suami saya kami ingin berdagang dengan Jse tapi kami menemukan broker yang tidak dapat diandalkan. Kami berinvestasi dengan salah satu broker Jse November 2014 tidak ada pernyataan saat kami google kami cant mendapatkannya lagi. Bantu kami tolong Ryan Hoover bilang I8217m maaf mendengarnya, Tshedi. Saya akan mulai dengan melaporkan situasi Anda ke Divisi Regulasi Pasar JSE8217 di surveillancejse. co. za atau menghubungi mereka di 27 11 520 7000. Mereka harus bisa memberi saran tentang cara terbaik untuk melacak dana Anda. Saya ingin berinvestasi di Jose untuk pertama kalinya. Saya tidak punya cukup pengetahuan untuk mencari investasi R20000 dan hal lain yang saya inginkan dari orang Zimbabwe apa yang saya butuhkan, pertanyaan lain adalah bahwa saham tersebut dibedakan dalam bentuk saham biasa atau saham preferen. Dengan bergabung dan berinvestasi di perusahaan yang terdaftar, apakah Anda membeli saham di perusahaan dan menunggu omset atau melakukan trading secara pribadi Ryan Hoover mengatakan Sebagai investor, Anda akhirnya memutuskan kapan Anda ingin menjual saham Anda. This may be when you believe the price on offer is higher than the shares are intrinsically worth, when you spot a better investment opportunity elsewhere, or simply when you need the cash.
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